FOOLS
132
FOOLS
Fontfroide and Hautcombe (in Savoy) now form the
"Congregation of Sdnanque", formerly that "of the
Immaculate Conception ", of which the present Abbot
of Fontfroide is the vicar-general. Its constitutions
were approved in 1S92. The buildings at Fontfroide
are chiefly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries,
and include the church, cloisters, chapter-house, etc.,
comprising two quadrangles, all practically complete.
(See Cistercians.)
Ste-Marthe, Gallia Christiana (Paris, 17391, VI; Migne, Diet des Abbaye^ (Paris, 1856); Redon, Vie de Dom Marie Ber- nard (Wrins, 1904); Calalogus Ord. Cist. (Rome, 1906).
G. Cyprian Alston.
Fools, Feast of, a celebration marked by much licence and buffoonery, which in many parts of Eu- rope, and particularly in France, during the later mid- dle ages took place every year on or about the feast of the Circumcision (1 Jan.). It was known by many names — festum fatuorum, festum stultorum, festum hypodiaconorum, to notice only some Latin variants — and it is difficult, if not quite impossible, to distin- guish it from certain other similar celebrations, such, for example, as the Feast of Asses (q. v.), and the Feast of the Boy Bishop (q. v.). So far as the Feast of Fools had an independent existence, it seems to have grown out of a special "festival of the sub- deacons", which John Beleth, a liturgical writer of the twelfth century and an Englishman by birth, assigns to the day of the Circumcision. He is among the earliest to draw attention to the fact that, as the deacons had a special celebration on St. Stephen's day (26 Dec), the priests on St. John the Evangelist's day (27 Dec), and again the choristers and mass-servers on that of Holy Innocents (28 Dec), so the subdeacons were accustomed to hold their feast about the same time of year, but more particularly on the festival of the Circumcision. This feast of the subdeacons after- wards developed into the feast of the lower clergy (esclaffardi), and was later taken up by certain brotherhoods or guilds of "fools" with a definite organ- ization of their own (Chambers, I, 373 sqq.). There can be little doubt — and medieval censors themselves freely recognized the fact — that the licence and buf- foonery which marked this occasion had their origin in pagan customs of very ancient date. John Beleth, when he discusses these matters, entitles his chapter "De quadani Ubertate Decembrica", and goes on to explain: "Now the hcence which is then permitted is called Decembrian, because it was customary of old among the pagans that during this month slaves and serving-maids should have a sort of liberty given them, and should be put upon an equality with their masters in celebrating a common festivity" (P. L., CCII, 123).
The Feast of Fools and the almost blasphemous extravagances in some instances associated with it have constantly been made the occasion of a sweeping condemnation of the medieval Church. On the other hand some Catholic writers have thought it necessary to try to deny the existence of such abuses. The truth, as Father Dreves has pointed out (Stimmen aus Maria- Laach, XLVII, 572), lies midway between these extremes. There can be no question that ecclesiastical authority repeatedly condemned the licence of the Feast of Fools in the strongest terms, no one being more determined in his efforts to suppress it than the great Koljert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. But these customs were so firmly rooted that centuries passed away before they were entirely eradicated. Secondly, it is equally certain that the institution did lend itself to abuses of a very serious character, even though the nature and gravity of these varied con- siderably at different epochs. In defence of the medi- eval Church one point must not l)e lost sight of. We possess himdreds, not to say thousands, of liturgical manuscripts of all countries and all descriptions. Amongst them the occurrence of anything which has to do with the Feast of Fools is extraordinarily rare.
In missals and breviaries we may say that it never
occurs. At best a prose or a trope composed for such
an occasion is here and there to be found in a gradual
or an antiphonary (Dreves, p. 575). It is reasonable
to infer from this circumstance that though these ex-
travagances took place in church and were attached
to the ordinary services, the official sanction was of
the slenderest.
The same conclusion follows from two well-known cases which Father Dreves has carefully studied. In 1199, Bishop Eudes de Sully imposed regulations to check the abuses committed in the celebration of the Feast of Fools on New Year's Day at Notre-Dame in Paris. The celebration was not entirely banned, but the part of the " Lord of Misrule " or " Prsecentor Stul- torum" was restrained within decorous limits. He was to be allowed to intone the prose "Lstemur gaudiis" in the cathedral, and to wield the precentor's staff, but this was to take place before the first Vespers of the feast were sung. Apart from this, the Church offices proper were to be performed as usual, with, however, some concessions in the way of extra solem- nity. During the second Vespers, it had been the custom that the precentor of the fools should be deprived of his staff when the verse " Deposuit poten- tes de sede" (He hath put down the mighty from their seat) was sung at the Magnificat. Seemingly this was the dramatic moment, and the fea.st was hence often known as the " Festum ' Deposuit '". Eudes de Sully permitted that the staff might here be taken from the mock precentor, but enacted that the verse " Depo- suit" was not to be repeated more than five times. A similar case of a legitimized Feast of Fools at Sens c. 1220 is also examined by Father Dreves in detail. The whole text of the office is in this case preserved to us. There are many proses and interpolations (far- surfe) added to the ordinary liturgy of the Church, but nothing which could give offence as unseemly, except the prose "Orientis partibus", etc., partly quoted in the article Asses, Feast of. This prose or "conductus", however, was not a part of the office, but only a preliminary to Vespers sung while the pro- cesion of subdeacons moved from the church door to the choir. Still, as already stated, there can be no question of the reality of the abuses which followed in the wake of celebrations of this kind.
The central idea seems always to have been that of the old Saturnalia, i. e. a brief social revolution, in which power, dignity or impunity is conferred for a few hours upon those ordinarily in a subordinate posi- tion. Whether it took the form of the boy bishop or the subdeacon conducting the cathedral office, the parody must always have trembled on the brink of burlesque, if not of the profane. We can trace the same idea at St. Gall in the tenth century, where a student, on the thirteenth of December each year, enacted the part of the abbot. It will be sufficient here to notice that the continuance of the celebration of the Feast of Fools was finally forbidden under the very severest penalties by the Council of Basle in 1435, and that this condemnation was supported by a strongly-worded document issued by the theological faculty of the University of Paris in 1444, as well as by numerous decrees of various provincial councils. In this way it seems that the abuse had practically disappeared before the time of the Council of Trent.
A very large number of monograplis and papers in the pro- ceedings of learned societies liave been devoted to this subject. .Many of these are quoted by Chambers The Mcdiaval Stage, I, 274-419 (London, 1903), who himself deals with the matter more exhaustively than any other writer. The best short arti- cle on the whole question, as Chambers attests, is that of Dreves, Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, XLVII, 571-587 (Frei- burg, 1894). See also Leber, Collection des meilleures disser- tations, vols. IX and X (Paris, 1832); Cl<}MENt, Histoire Ge- n^-rale de la Musique Reliqieuse (Paris, 1890). pp. 122 sqq.; Walter, Das Eselsfcst (Vienna, 1885). There is also an ex- cellent article by Heuser in the Kirchenlex., s. v. Feste. For further bibliographical references consult Chevalier, Topo-bi- btiographie, a. v. Fons. Many articles written on this subject are mere lampoons directed against the medieval Church, and be-
