OUNTHERIANISM
88
GURK
wiesen vom kirchlirh-dogmatiachen Slandpunkte (Graz, 1851);
Kledtoen, Die Theologie der Vorzeit (4 vola., Munater, IHb'i;
2nd ed., 1867): Clemens, Die apeeulative Theologie A. Gitnlhers
und die katholische Kirchenlehre (Cologne, ISW); Idem, Die
Abweichung der O unifier' schen Speculation von der kafholisrfien
Kirchenlehre (Cologne. 1S53: against Baltzer) ; Idem, Offene
Darlegung dea Widernpruches der G anther' gchen Speculation mil
der katholischcn Kirchenlehre durch Herm Prof. Dr. Knoodt in
seiner Srhrift: Giinlhcr und Clemens (Cologne, lS5;i): Michelis,
Kritik der Giinther'schen Philosophie (Paderbom, 1S54): HlTZ-
FELDER. Die neuesten Verhandlunfjen uher die speculative 7'heolo'
gie Gunthers und seiner Schule in Theoloq. QttartaUchrift (1>»54),
3 sqg.: Idem, Die Theologie und Polemik der Gttntherianer in
Theol. Quartnlschrift (1854), 589 sqt^. : Vraetz, Speculative
Begrundung der Lehre der katholischen Kirchc iiber das Wesen der
menschlichen Seele und ihr Verhhltniss zum Korper (Cologne,
1865): Katschthaler. Zwei Thesen fiir das allgemeine Conril
von Dr. Q. K. Mayer (2 parts, Ratisbon, 1868-70; Mayer's pub-
lication. Bamberg. 1867}.
In defence of Ctinthonanism: Bat.tzer and Knoodt (replies to Volkmuth) in Kntholische Vierlcljahresschrift fiir Wit^sen- schaft und Kun.tl (1S4S); Baltzer. Xeue theologisrhe Briefe (in Dr. A. Gitnther; ein Gerirht far seine .A nklager {2nd series; Breslau, 1863); Knoodt, Gunther und Clemens, I-III (\'ieuna, 1S53-4.)
Friedrich Lauchert.
Otintherlanlsm. See GCnther, Anton.
GUnther of Oolog;ne (also Gunthar), archbishop of that city, d. 8 .Juij;, 873. He Ijelonged to a noble Ft-atikish family and, if wc may believe the poet Sedu- lius Scottus (Carm. 68 sqq, in "Mon. Germ. Hist.", I'oeta; Lat., Ill, 221 sqq.), was a man of great ability. He was consecrated Archbi.shop of Cologne on 22 April, 8.30 (Annal. Col., ad an. 850). For a long time he re- fused to cede his suffragan Diocese of Bremen to St. Ansgar who, in order to facilitate his missionary labours, desired to unite it with his .Archdiocese of Hamburg. The affair was finally settletl (c. 860) by Nicholas I in favour of St. Ansgar, and Gunther reluctantly con- sented. Giinther, who had become arch-chaplain of King Lothair II, received an unenviable notoriety through his unjustifiable conduct in the divorce of this licentious king from his lawful wife Thietberga. At a synod held at Aachen in January, and another in Feb- ruary, 860, a few bishops and abbots, under the leader- ship of Gunther, compelled Thietberga to declare that before her marriage with the king she had been vio- lated by her brother. Upon her compulsory confes- sion the king was allowed to discard her and she was condemned to a convent. At a third synod held at Aachen in April, 862, Gunther and a few other Lor- rainese bi.shops allowed the king to marry his concu- bine Waldrada. Xicholas I sent two legates to inves- tigate the ca.se, but the king bribed them, and at a synod which they held in Metz in ,June, 863. the divorce was approved. Giinther and his tool Thietgaud, Archbishop of Trier, were bold enough to bring the acts of the synod to the pope and ask for his approval. The pope convened a synod in the Lateran in October, 863, at which the decision of the Synod of Metz was rejected, and tiunther and Thietgaud, who refused to submit, were excommunicated and depo.sed. The two archbishops drew up a calumnious document of seven chapters (reprinted in P. L., CXXI, 377-380) in which they accused the pope of having unjustly excommuni- cated them. They sent copies of the document to the pope, the rebellious Photius, patriarch of Constanti- nople, and to the bishops of Lorraine. The pope, however, did not waver even when Emperor Louis II appeared before Rome with an army for the purpose of forcing him to withdraw the ban of excommunication from the archbishops. Though excommunicated and deposed, Gunther returned to Cologne and performed ecclesiastical functions on Maundy Thursday, 864. When, however, the other bishops of Lorraine and King Lothair submitted to the pope, Gunther and Thietgaud appeared before the synod which the pope convened at Rome in November, 864, asking to be re- leased from excommunication and restored to their sees, but they were un.succes.sful. After the accession of Adrian II, Gunther and Thietgaud returned to Rome in 867. Thietgaud was now freed from the ban,
but Giinther remained excommunicated until the sum.-
mer of 869, when, after a pubhc retraction (P. L.,
CXXI, 381), he was admitted by the pope to lay com-
munion at Monte Cassino. The See of Cologne had im
864 been given by Lothair to the subdeacon Hugo, a
nephew of Charles the Bald. He was deposed in SOGi
and Gtmther regained his see. Being under the ban,
Gvmther engaged his brother Hilduin of Cambrai to
perform ecclesiastical functions in his place. After
the death of Gunther's protector, Lothair II, Willi-
bert was elected Archbishop of Cologne (7 January,
870). Seeing that all efforts to regain his see would be
useless, Gunther acknowledged the new archbishop
and left Cologne for good.
Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages (London and 8r. Lonis. 1906). III. pa-ssim; Dummler. Gesch. des osl- friinkisehen Rcichcs (Leipzig. 1887). I, II; Floss in Kirchenlex.; CARnAUNs in Allgemeine Deutsche Biog.; Hefele, Concilien- gesch., IV; Ennen, Gesch. der Stadt Coin (Cologne, 1862). I, 202 sqq.
Michael Ott.
Gurk, DiocE.SE of (Gurcensis), a prince-bi.shopric of Carinthia, suffragan to Salzburg, erected by Arch- bishop Gebhard of Salzburg, with the authorization of Pope Alexander II (21 Alarch, 1070) and Emperor Henry IV (4 Feb., 1072). The fir.st bi-shop installed was Gunther von Krapffeld (1072-90). The right of ap- pointment, consecration, and investiture of the Bishop of (iurk was reserved to the Archbi.shop of Salzburg. The episcopal residence was not at Gurk, but in the neighbouring castle at Strasburg. The boundaries of the diocese were only defined in 1131, by Arch- bishop Konrad I of Salzburg. Originally the territory embraced was small, but the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Gurk extended beyond the limits of his diocese, inas- much as he was also vicar-general of that part of Carinthia under the Archbishop of Salzburg. Under BLshop Roman I (1132-67) the cathedral chapter obtained the right of electing the bishop, and it was only after a contest of a hundred years that the metro- politan regained the right of appointment. Dis- sensions did not cease, however, for at a later date the sovereign claimed the right of investiture. Finally, on 25 October, 1535, the Archbishop of Salzburg, Matthaus Lang, concluded with the House of Austria an agreement which is still in force, according to which the nomination of the Bi.shop of Gurk is to rest twice in succession with the sovereign and every third time with the Archbi.shop of Salzburg; under all circumstances the archbishop was to retain the right of confirmation, consecration, and investiture. The diocese received an accession of territory under Em- peror Joseph II in 1775, and again in 1786. The present extent of the diocese, embracing the whole of Carinthia, dates only from the reconstitution of the diocese in 18.59. The episcopal residence v.-as, in 1787, transferred to the capital of Carinthia, Klagenfurt. Prominent among the prince-bishops of modern times was Valentin Wiery (1858-,S0). Dr. Joseph Kahn has been prince-bishop since 1.S87.
According to the census of 1906, the Catholic popu- lation of the diocese is 369,000, of whom three-fourths are German and the rest Slovenes. The 24 deaneries embrace 345 parishes. The cathedral chapter at Klagenfurt consists of three mitred dignitaries; five honorary and five stipendiary canons. Among the institutions of religious orders the Benedictine Abbey of St. Paul (founded in 1091; siippressed in 1782; restored in 1807) holds first place. There are also Jesuits at Klagenfurt and St. Andra; Dominicans at Friesach; Capuchins at Klagenfurt and Wolf.sbcrg; Franciscans at Villach; Olivetans at Tanzenberj;; Servites at Kotschach; Brothers of Mercy at .St. Veit on the Glan (in charge cf an immense hospital founded in 1877); and a number of religious communities of women for the care of the sick and the instruction of youth. The clergy are trained in the episcopal sem-
