GREGORY
GREGORY
Trent as one of his jurists. On his return to Rome
he held various offices in the Roman Curia under
JuUus III (1550-15.55), who also appointed him pro-
legate of the Campagna in 1555. Under Paul IV
(1555-1559) he accompanied Cardinal Alfonso
Caraffa on a papal mission to Philip II in Flanders, and
upon his return was appointed Bishop of \'iesti in
1558. Up to this time he had not been ordained a
priest. In 1559 the newly-elected pope, Pius IV, sent
him as his confidential deputy to the Council of Trent,
where he remained till its conclusion in 1563. Shortly
after his return to Rome, the same pope created him
Cardinal Priest of San Sisto in 1564, and sent him as
legate to Spain to investigate the case of Archbishop
Bartolome Carranza of
Toledo, who had been sus-
pected of heresy and im-
prisoned by the Inquisi-
tion. While in Spain he
was appointed secretary of
papal Briefs, and after the
election of Pius V, 7 Jan.,
1566, he returned to Rome
to enter upon his new of-
fice. After the death of
Pius V on 1 May, 1572,
Ugo Buoncompagni was
elected pope on \'-i May.
1572, chiefly through the
influence of Cardinal An-
toine Granvella, and took
the name of Gregory
XIII. At his elevation to
the papal throne he had
already completed his
.seventieth year, but was
still strong and full of
energy'.
His youth was not stain- less. When still at Bo- logna a son, named Gia- como, was born to him of an unmarried woman. Even after entering the clerical state he was worldly-minded and fond of display. But from the time he became pope he followed in the footsteps of his holy predecessor, and was thoroughly imbued with the consciousness of the great responsibility connected with his exalted position. His election was greeted with joy by the Roman people, as well as by the foreign rulers. Emperor Maximilian II, the Kings of France, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, the Italian and other princes sent their representatives to Rome to tender their obedience to the newly- elected pontiff. At the first consistory he ordered the Constitution of Pius V, which forbade the alienation of church property, to be read publicly, and pledged himself to carry into execution the decrees of the Council of Trent. He at once appointed a committee of cardinals, consisting of Borromeo. Paleotti, Aldo- brandini, and Arezzo. with instructions to find out and abolish all ecclesiastical abuses: decided that the cardinals who were at the head of dioceses were not exempt from the Tridentine decree of episcopal residence; designate<l a committee of cardinals to complete the Index of Forbidden Books,and appointed one day in each week for a public audience during which ever\' one had access to him. In order that only the most worthy persons might be vested with ecclesiastical dignities, he kept a li.st of commendable men in and out of Rome, on which he noted their \'irtues and faults, that came to his notice. The same care he exercised in the appointment of cardinals. Thirty-four cardinals were appointed during his pontif-
.MuNUMENT OF
St. Peter
icate, and in their appointment he always had the
welfare of the Church in view. He cannot be charged
with nepotism. Two of his nephews, Filippo Buon-
compagni and Filippo Vastavillano, he created car-
dinals because he considered them worthy of the
dignity ; but, when a third one aspired after the purple,
he did not even grant him an audience. His son
Giacomo he appointed castellan of St. Angelo and
gonfalonier of the Church, but refused him every
higher dignity, although Venice enrolled him among
its nobili and the King of Spain appointed him
general of his army.
Like his holy predecessor, Gregorj' XIII spared no efforts to further an expedition against the Turks. With this purpose in \'iew he sent special legates to Spain, France. Germany, Poland, and other coun- tries, but the discorii of the Christian princes among themselves, the peace concluded by the Venetians with the Turks,
- md the treaty effected by
Spain with the Sultan, frustrated all his exertions in this direction.
For stemming the tide of Protestantism, which liad already wrested entire nations from the bosom of the Church. Gregory XIII knew of no better means than a thorough training of the candidates for holy priesthood in ( 'atholic philosophy and theology. He founded nu- merous colleges and semi- naries at Rome and other suitable places and put most of them \inder the direction of the Jesuits. At least twenty-three ~uch institutions of learn- ing owe their existence or sur\-ival to the numifi- Gregory XIII cence of Gregorv XIII.
^' K°""' The first of these" institu-
tions that enjoyed the pope's liberality was the German College at Rome, which for lack of funds was in danger of being abandoned. In a Bull dated 6 August, 157.?, he ordered that no less than one hundred students at a time from Germany and its northern borderland should be educated in the Ger- man College, and that it should have an annual in- come of 10.000 ducats, to be paid, as far as necessary, out of the papal treasurj'. In 1574 he gave the church and the palace of Sant' .\pollinare to the institution, and in 1580 united the Hungarian college with it. The following Roman colleges were foimded by Greg- ory XIII: the Greek college on 13 Jan., 1577; the college for neophytes, i.e. converted Jews and infidels, in 1577: the English college on 1 May, 1579: the Mar- onite college on 27 June, 1584. For the international Jesuit college (Collegium Romanum) he built in 1.582 the large edifice known as the Collegio Romano which was occupied by the faculty and students of the Collegivim Romanum (Gregorian University) until the Piedmontese Government declared it national property and expelled the Jesuits in 1870. Outside of Rome the following colleges were either founded or liberally endowed by Gregor>- XIII: the Engli.sh college at Douai. the Scotch college at Pont-a-Mousson, the papal seminaries at Graz, Vienna. Olmiitz. Prague, Colosvar, Fulda, Augsburg, DiUingen, Braunsberg, Milan, Loreto, Fribourg in Switzerland, and three
