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ANAXAGORAS 164 ANCONA of two or more animals, has always pre- ceded anthropotomy, or dissection of the human subject, but was first treated sys- tematically as a distinct science by Cu- vier and his pupil, Meckel the younger. Blumenbach, Tiedemann, Geofi'roy, St. Hilaire, Goethe, Owen, Wagner, Bow- man, Todd, Milne-Edwards, Remak, Ley- dig, Frey, Haeckel, Agassiz, Carpenter, AUman, Sharpey, Allen Thomson, Hux- ley, Turner, and Flower, may be named as eminent contributors to this branch of science. The most general and available assist- ance in the study of anatomy is found in anatomical engravings and plates on wood and copper. This assistance was known in ancient times. Aristotle affixed to his works on anatomy some anatom- ical drawings, which have been lost. ANAXAGORAS (an-iaks-ag'o-ras), a famous Greek philosopher of the Ionic school, born at Clazomenge in 500 B. C. He explained eclipses and advanced physical science. In philosophy, he taught that the universe is regulated by an eternal self-existent and infinitely power- ful principle, called by him mind; matter he seems to have asserted to be eternal, what is called generation and destruction being merely the temporary union and separation of ever existing elements; he disproved the doctrine that things may have arisen by chance. Fragments of his "Treatise on Nature" are still in ex- istence. He died in 428 B. C. ANCACHS (an-kachs') , a department of Peru, bounded N. by the department of Libertad, S. by that of Lima, and ex- tending from the Pacific eastward to the headwaters of ..he Amazon. Area, 16,562 square miles; pop. about 500,000. It is rich in minerals, and is traversed by a railway. Capital, Huaraz. ANCHISES (an-ki'sez), the father of the Trojan hero -(Eneas, who carried him off on his shoulders at the burning of Troy and made him the companion of his voyage to Italy. He died at Drepanum, in Sicily. ANCHITHERIUM (an-ke-the're-um) , a fossil mammal belonging to the family 'palseotheHdx. It has been called also hipparitherium, suggesting an affinity to the horse in the neighboring family of equida;. ANCHOR, a well-known instrument for preventing a ship from drifting, by mooring her to the bottom of the sea, provided that the water is shallow enough to permit of this being done. Its invention was at a very early period. Those of the early Greeks were simply large stones, sacks filled with sand, or logs of wood loaded with lead. Then the Tuscans, or Midas, King of Phrygia, introduced a tooth, or fluke, which was ultimately ex- changed for two. The modern anchor consists of a long bar or shank of iron, branching out at the lower extrenaity intt two arms ending in flukes barbed at their extremity, and with a stock of oak or wood at the upper one, while it termi- nates in a ring, to which a rope or chain is aff'ixed. The arms or flukes are de- signed to penetrate and fix themselves in the sea-bottom. An anchor, in architecture, is a kind of carving somewhat resembling an anchor. It is generally used as part of the enrich- ment of the bottoms of capitals in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders, or as that of the boultins of bed-moldings in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian cornices, anchors and eggs being carved alternately throughout the whole building. ANCHOVY, a fish, the engraulis en- crasicolus of Fleming; the engraulis vul- garis of Cuvier. It belongs to the her- ring family.^ In general, its length is from 4 to 5 inches. Shoals of anchovies annually enter the Mediterranean, and various fisheries exist along its northern shores, the most celebrated being at Gorgona, a small island W. of Leghorn. ANCHOVY PEAR, the English name of the genus grias. Grias cauliflora, the stem-flowering anchovy pear, is an ele- gant tree, with large leaves, which grows in the West Indies, The fruit, which is eaten, tastes like that of the mango, and is pickled in the same way. ANCHYLOSIS, the coalescence of two bones, so as to prevent motion between them. If anything keep a joint motion- less for a long time, the bones which con- stitute it have a tendency to become anchylosed, in which case all flexibility is lost. ANCONA, capital of a province in Italy, is situated on a promontory of the Adriatic coast, 127 miles S. E. of Ravenna by rail. The seat of a bishop. Pop. about 70,000. It is still the most important seaport on the Adriatic between Venice and Brin- disi. The manufactures are silk, ships' rigging, leather, tobacco, and soft soap; the exports (declining in recent years) are cream of tartar, lamb and goat skins, asphalt, bitumen, corn, hemp, coral, and silk. A mole of 2,000 feet in length, built by the Emperor Trajan, and a triumphal arch of the same emperor, are the most notable monuments of antiquity. One of the most venerable buildings is the Cathe- dral of San Ciriaco, built in the 11th