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ANGLO-SAXON 179 ANGOULEME ANGLO-SAXON, pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or one of the Anglo-Saxon race — that is, of the mingled Anglo-Sax- ons and other Teutonic tribes from whom the English, the Lowland Scotch, a great proportion of the present inhabitants of i Ulster, and the mass of the population in the United States and various British colonies sprung. The word is also applied to the lan- guage originally snoken by the race. The Anglo-Saxon tongue did not pass directly into the English. The Norman conquest introduced a new element into the language, and produced temporary confusion. When this began to pass away, and it became evident that the tongue of the conquered rather than that of the conquerors was destined ultimately to prevail, it was not the old Anglo- Saxon, pure and simple, which remained. There came in place of it various dia- lects, especially a midland, a northern and a southern one. It was a mixed dia- lect, mainly midland, but also slightly southern, which with Chaucer, in the 14th century, became the standard language; and at last, by a series of insensible changes, developed into the modern Eng- lish tongue. ANGOLA, a name formerly given to the west African coast from Cape Lopez to Benguela, but now applied to the Por- tuguese west African possessions, ex- tending from the Kongo river southward to the Cunene, which, at its mouth, notes the boundary between the Portuguese and former German territories. This region is divided into 9 districts. Capi- tal, St. Paul de Loanda. Portuguese in- fluence extends some 1,500 miles inland. The area is estimated at almost 500,000 square miles. Estimates of the popula- tion vary from 2,200,000 to 4,200,000. There are over 800 miles of railroads. The coast strip is level, hot and un- healthy, but beyond is hilly country. The main rivers are the Kwango running N. to the Kongo, and the Coanza and Cu- nene, running W. to the Atlantic. The country is well watered, and has a luxu- riant vegetation of the tropical African type. Yams, tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton, and sugar are freely produced. Wax, Buffalo hides, ivory, copal gum, and palm oil are exported. Iron is found in the mountains; and copper, lead, sulphur, and petroleum are obtained. Horses and camels cannot live here; the ox is ridden, but the burden-bearers are usually men. ■ Angola was long notorious for its great slave trade. The natives are Kongo ne- groes, and belong to the great Bantu stock. The Portuguese under Diego Cam discovered this coast, in 1486, and soon began to settle in it; but St. Paul de 13— Vol. I — Cyc Loanda was not built till 1578. In the course of the war of 1914-1918, the Brit- ish in their west African campaign forced the Germans to seek refuge in Angola, where they were interned. ANGORA, a town in the interior of Asiatic Turkey, 215 miles E. S. E. of Constantinople, with considerable re- mains of Byzantine architecture, and rel- ics of earlier times, both Greek and Roman, such as the remnants of the Monumentum Ancyranum, raised in honor of the Emperor Augustus. All the animals of this region are long-haired, especially the goats, sheep, and cats. This hair forms an important export as well as the fabric called camlet, here manu- factured from it; other exports being goats' skins, dye stuffs, gums, honey and wax, etc. Pop. about 35,000. ANGORA CAT, the large and long- haired white variety of the common cat, said to belong originally to Angora. It has a superb coat of long silky hair and a long bushy tail. ANGORA GOAT, a variety of the common goat with long, silky hair. There are two or three varieties of the breed. The animal's coat is composed of two sorts of material — one hairy, short, and close to the skin; the other longer and woolly, farther from the skin. "The lat- ter is the most plentiful and most valu- able. Of this goat's hair, often called camel's wool, camlets are extensively manufactured here. The Angora goat is bred for his hair, called Mohair in the United States and in Cape Colony, and has also been introduced into Australia. ANGOSTURA, or CIUDAD BOLIVAR, city and capital of the state of Bolivar, Venezuela; on the Orinoco river; 263 miles S. E. of Caracas. It has consider- able export trade in cotton, indigo, coffee, tobacco, cattle, etc. Pop. about 20,000. ANGOSTURA BARK, the aromatic, bitter medicinal bark obtained chiefly from galipea officinalis, a tree of 10 to 20 feet high, growing in the northern regions of South America; natural order rutaceae. The bark is valuable as a tonic and febrifuge. ANGOULEME (an-go-lam'), the capi- tal of the French department of Cha- rente, and formerly the province of An- goumois, 83 miles N. E. of Bordeaux by rail. It contains a fine Romanesque cathedral (1136), and a striking hotel de ville, with which is incorporated the rem- nant of the ancient castle of Angouleme, where was bom the celebrated Mar-