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ABAFAIMA 224 ARBITRATIOIT zori" ("The Wreath") ; and in 1865 was ppointed secretary of the Hungarian Academy, of which he had been a mem- ber since 1859. Owing to his feeble health he resigned in 1878. As a national poet he ranks immediately after Petofi and Vorosmarty, his epical creations de- serving to be acknowledged as ornaments not only of Hungarian but of modern poetry in general. He is master of the ballad and a translator of highest merit, as proven by his versions of Tasso, Goethe, Shakespeare, and, above all, his translation of Aristophanes. He died in Budapest, Oct. 22, 1882. ARAPAIMA (ar-ap-a'ma), a genus of tropical fishes, including the largest knowr- fresh water forms. They are found in the rivers of South America, and are sometimes taken in the Rio Ne- gro, 15 feet in length, and 400 pounds in weight. They are shot with arrows or harpooned, and are highly esteemed as food; salted, they are conveyed in large quantities to Para. The genus arapaima belongs to the family osteoglossidas, allied to the clupeidse or herring, and is remark- able for the mosaic work of strong bony scales with which the body is covered. The head is also protected by bony arma- ture. Osteoglosswm and heterotis are closely related genera, found in various parts of the tropics. ARARAT, MOUNT, a famous moun- tain of Asia, in Armenia, on the confines of the Russian, Turkish, and Persian empires. Its base is washed by the Araxes, from whose low plain it rises to an immense height, terminating in two conical peaks, one much higher than the other. The chief summit, Great-Ararat, was climbed in 1830 by Prof. Parrot, who determined its altitude to be 17,230 feet above sea level. The whole of the upper region of the mountain, from the height of 12,750 feet, is covered with perpetual snow and ice. Ararat is said to be the Ararat of Scripture on whose summit the ark rested. ARAS, a river of Armenia, rising S. of Erzerum at the foot of the Bingol- dagh; it flows for some miles through Turkish territory N. E. to the new Rus- sian frontier. Here it turns eastward to the Erivian plain N. of Ararat, whence it sweeps in a semi-circle mostly between the Russian and Persian territories round to its confluence with the Kur, 60 miles from its mouth in the Caspian; length, 500 miles. ARATJCANIA (ar-o-ka'ne-a), the country of the Araucos or Araucanian Indians, in the south of Chile. The Chil- ean province of Arauco, lying between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the N. by Concepcion, on the S. by Valdivia, formed in 1875, has an area of 2,189 square miles, and a popu- lation (1917) of 73,260. The Arauca- nians are interesting as furnishing the only example of Indian self-government in the presence of the European races. They are a fierce and warlike people, and have a kind of military aristocratic con- stitution. Formerly the government rest- ed in the hands of four chiefs (Toqtiis) , each nominated by one of the four divi- sions of the people, and one of whom was elected "great Toqui." They have no formal laws, but custom and tradition have all the force of these. They now number about 70,000. From the days of Pizarro and Almagro downward, Arau- cania has fought for its freedom — its wars of independence having lasted, with intervals of precarious truce, from 1537 to 1773. In 1861 a French adventurer, Tonneins by name, ingratiating himself with the Indians, was elected King of Araucania. He was soon at war vnth Chile, and was captured and allowed to go to France. Returning to Araucania, he kept up a struggle with the Chileans in 1869-1870, but repaired once more to France in 1871. In 1870 the Auraca- nians acknowledged the rule of Chile. ARAUCARIA (ar-6-ka're-a) , a genus of plants belonging to the order pinacese (conifers) and to the family or section abietinse. Five or six species are known; all from the Southern Hemisphere. The one so common in English gardens is A. imbricata, a native of the mountain- ous parts of southern Chile. Another species, A. excelsa, or Norfolk Island pine, is a splendid tree of giant size. All the genus are ornamental from their fine and unfading foliage. ARBELA, now ERBIL, or ARBIL, a small town of Assyria, E. from Mosul, famous as having given name to the battle in which Alexander finally defeat- ed Darius, 331 B. c. The battle was really fought near Gaugamela (the "camel's house"), about 70 miles to the N. W. of Arbela. ARBITRATION, an adjudication by private persons, called arbitrators, ap«  pointed to decide a matter or matters in controversy, either by written or oral submission, by agreement of the dispu- tants. It diff'ers from a reference which is made by the order of a court of law. Legal Arbitration. — Infants and others not sui juris cannot submit controversies to arbitration. The matters that may be submitted to an arbitrator are all personal disputes and diflferences that