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ARCHITECTURE 233 ABCHITECTURE A. D. At Pompeii, there are interesting examples of the domestic architecture of the 1st century of our era. Byzantine. — With the establishment of Byzantium as the capital of the empire, the Roman style of architecture was naturally much practiced there, and the development of the dome became from the first a chief object with the Eastern architects. Christians were first allowed to erect places of worship in the reign of Constantine the Great. The old basilicas or courts of justice were then turned into churches, for which they were well suited, the humbler schola, or hall of meeting, such as was used by the early Christians, as well as by heathen clubs and associations, rather than the basilica, may be the original form of the Chris- tian Church. The name Byzantine is, strictly speaking, applicable only to the Christian architecture of eastern Europe and Asia Minor, from the reign of Justin- ian to the 11th century. One of the finest buildings in this style is the Church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, founded by Constantine, but rebuilt by Justinian in 547 A. D. The Cathedral of San Vitale, at Ravenna, also erected in the 6th century, and St. Mark's, at Venice, built by architects from Constantinople in the 10th century, are two of the most perfect and interesting Byzantine churches in Italy. Romanesque is the general term ap- plied to all the various round-arched styles which arose in western Europe, after the irruptions of the barbarians had ceased. Teutonic Romanesque may be regarded as synonymous with Rhenish architecture. The Cathedrals of Spire, Mayence, and Worms are examples. Lombard architecture is the form of Ro- manesque practiced in Lombardy. Ex- amples of it are to be seen in St. Ambro- gio at Milan, St. Abondio at Como, and the cathedrals at Parma and Piacenza. Saxon or Pre-Nortnan. — The Norman style would link on more naturally than this with the Teutonic Romanesque. But the Saxon is prior in point of date. It is simple, and has, as a rule, coarsely dressed masonry. In whole or in part, the churches of Bradford (Wilts), Earl's Barton, Worth, Monkwearmouth, and other places in England, are Pre-Norman. Norman. — This style is also some- times called Romanesque. No kind of architecture is better known in England and Scotland than the Norman, owing to the abundance of examples which re- main. It is characterized by round- headed openings, by flat buttresses like pilasters, by cubical masonry, and by the richness and quaintness of the carv- ing, especially on many of the doorways and chancel arches of even the smaller churches. Among the many examples in England may be mentioned the Cathedrels of Durham, Canterbury, Peterborough and parts of Lincoln and Winchester. In Scotland, Kirkwall Cathedral is the most complete example on a large scale. DORIC ARCHITECTURE Early English or First Pointed Style. — As soon as the transition from the Nor- man to first pointed architecture was complete, the latter was characterized by its narrow pointed or lancet windows, without any, or with only very simple, tracery. Further distinguishing features are high gables and roofs, and simple pinnacles and spires. In England, Salisbury Cathedral is wholly in this style, so are the nave and transepts of Westminster Abbey. Scotland has good examples of it in the choir of Glasgow. Decorated, Second Pointed, or Middle Pointed Style. — Windows are divided