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ARKONA 254 ABM ARKONA, the N. E. promontory of the island of Riigen, in the Baltic. ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD, an English inventor, born at Preston, in Lancashire, in 1732. The youngest of 13 children, he was bred to the trade of a barbel'. When about 35 years of age he gave himself up exclusively to the subject of inventions for spinning cot- ton. The thread spun by Hargreaves' jenny could not be used except as w^eft, being destitute of the firmness or hard- ness required in the longitudinal threads or warp. But Arkwright supplied this deficiency by the invention of the spin- i.ing frame, which spins a vast number of threads of any degree of fineness and hardness, leaving the operator merely to feed the machine with the cotton and to join the threads when they happen to break. His invention introduced the system of spinning by rollers, the card- ing, or roving, as it is technically termed (that is, the soft, loose strip of cotton), passing through one pair of rollers, and being received by a second pair, which are made to revolve with (as the case may be) three, four, or five times the velocity of the first pair. By this con- trivance the roving is drawn out into a thread of the desired degree of tenuity and hardness. Having taken as part- ners two men of means, Arkwright erect- ed his first mill at Nottingham and took out a patent for spinning by rollers in 1769. As the mode of working the ma- chinery by horse power was found too expensive, he built a second factory on a much larger scale at Cromford, in Derbyshire, in 1771, the machinery of which was turned by a water-wheel. Having made several additional discov- eries and improvements, he took out a fresh patent for the whole in 1775, and thus completed a series of the most inge- nious and complicated machinery. Not- withstanding a series of lawsuits in de- fense of his patent rights, and the de- struction of his property by mobs, he amassed a large fortune. He was knight- ed by George III., in 1786, and died in 1792. ARLES (arl), a city of France, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, on the Rhone, 44 miles W. N. W. of Marseilles. It is principally notable as having been an important town when Gaul was inva- ded by Caesar. It afterward became a Ro- man colony, and was long a rich and pros- perous city. The Roman amphitheater, capable of accommodating 30,000 spec- tators, yet remains noble in its ruins. The great obelisk, and innumerable artistic remains, attest the former magnificence of this city. The Emperor Constantino embellished Aries, and his son Constan- tine II. was born here. In 855 it became the capital of the Arletan kingdom, which was, in 933, united to that of Bur- gundy. Pop. about 17,500. ARLINGTON, a town of Massachusetts in Middlesex co., on the Boston and Maine railroad. It is about 6 miles N. W. of Boston and is practically a sub- urb of that city. It has important manu- factures of piano cases and machinery. Truck farming is also carried on exten- sively. The town has a public library, hospital, and other public buildings. It was settled in 1650. Pop. (1910) 11,187; (1920) 18,665. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, a range of hills in Fairfax co., Va., on the Poto- mac, opposite Washington. They were strongly fortified during the Civil War. Gen. Robert E. Lee had a residence here. The place is now the site of a National Soldiers' Cemetery. ARLISS, GEORGE, an English actor, born in London in 1868. He was edu- cated in that city and made his first appearance on the stage in 1887. In 1901 he toured America with Mrs. Pat- rick Campbell, and in the following year played with Blanche Bates. He was later leading man for Mrs. Fiske. He made a great success in the title roles of " The Devil " and of "Disraeli." He was successful also in the play "Hamilton," 1917. ARM, the upper limb in man, con- nected with the thorax or chest by means of the scapula or shoulder-blade, and the clavicle or collar-bone. It consists of three bones, the arm-bone (humerus), and the two bones of the fore-arm (ra- dius and ulna), and it is connected with the bones of the hand by the carpus or wrist. The head or upper end of the arm-bone fits into the hollow called the glenoid cavity of the scapula, so as to form a joint of the ball-and-socket kind, allowing great freedom of movement to the limb. The lower end of the humer- us is broadened out by a projection on both the outer and inner sides (the outer and inner condyles), and has a pulley- like surface for articulating with the fore-arm to form the elbow- joint. This joint somewhat resembles a hinge, allow- ing of movement only in one direction. The ulna is the inner of the two bones of the fore-arm. It is largest at the upper end, where it has two processes, the coronoid and the olecranon, with a deep groove between to receive the hu- merus. The radius — the outer of the two bones — is small at the upper and