sued by the Philistines, was probably near the Dead Sea.
ADULTERATION, the act of debasing a pure or genuine article for pecuniary profit, by adding to it an inferior or spurious article, or taking one of its constituents away. Another definition which has been given is: "The act of adding intentionally to an article, for purposes of gain, any substance or substances the presence of which is not acknowledged in the name under which the article is sold." In England, as early as the 13th century, the legislature attempted, though with but partial success, to strike a blow against it, in the Act 51 Henry III., stat. 6, often quoted as the "Pillory and Tumbril Act." In the United States, and in the principal European countries, the laws against adulterations are carefully drawn and systematically administered. See PURE FOOD LAW. Deliberate adulterations are of two classes: (1) Those which are injurious to health, and (2) those which produce no seriously hurtful effects. Careful investigation has demonstrated that adulterations of the latter class are comparatively rare. The articles most liable to adulteration are milk, butter, spices, coffee, syrup, and molasses, cream of tartar, honey, vinegar, jellies and jams, olive oil and canned goods. According to reports by American official analysts, most of the staple articles of common household consumption, while frequently subjected to considerable sophistication, are seldom injuriously adulterated.
ADULTERY, unlawful intercourse between two married persons not standing to each other in the relation of husband and wife, or between a married person and another unmarried. In the former case, it has been called double, and in the latter, single adultery. Adultery is considered in England a ground for total divorce. In the United States there is a wide diversity in the laws relating to this offense. In some States it has been made a crime, while, in others, civil proceedings are allowed substantially similar to those of the English law.
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ASSOCIATION FOR THE, an association of scientific men of the United States, Great Britain, France, and other countries. Its purpose is to place emphasis upon the unity of workers in all branches of science and to give a stronger impulse to scientific work, both practical and theoretical. The society publishes "Reports" and offers special facilities for carrying on original and difficult scientific work. The international association was formed in 1889 and the first meeting was held in Paris in the following year. The American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1847. It is organized in 11 sections, each of which holds its convention at the annual meeting of the association held during the summer. The sections include those of mathematics and astronomy, physics, chemistry, mechanical science and engineering, geology and geography, zoölogy, botany, anthropology and psychology, social and economic science, physiology and experimental medicine, and education. The membership is about 8,000. Similar national associations exist in Great Britain, France, South Africa, Australia, and other countries.
ADVENT, a term applied by the Christian Church to certain weeks before Christmas. Anciently, the season of Advent consisted of six weeks, and this is still the duration of it in the Greek Church. In the Catholic Church, however, and in the Protestant Churches that observe Advent, it only lasts four weeks, beginning with the Sunday nearest St. Andrew's Day (Nov. 30), either before or after. It is appointed to be observed as a season of devotion, being intended to commemorate the coming of Christ in the flesh, and to direct the thoughts to His second coming. This season was observed with great austerity by the primitive Christians.
ADVENTISTS, a sect in the United States, founded by William Miller, and sometimes called Millerites, which believed that Christ's second coming would occur in October, 1843. When their hopes were not realized, the number of believers decreased. The Adventists still look with certainty for the coming of Christ, but not at a fixed time. They are now divided into the following bodies: Evangelical, Advent Christian, Seventh Day, Church of God, Life and Advent Union, and Churches of God in Jesus Christ. The largest of these is the Seventh Day Adventists, with (in 1919) 4,181 churches, 162,667 members, 1,102 ordained ministers, 5,610 Sabbath schools, 1,446 young people's societies, 41 publishing houses printing 142 periodicals, 32 sanitariums, and total contributions amounting to over $6,985,000. Of the 77 educational institutions connected with the church 16 have college courses. The other four branches had a total membership (1919) of about 45,000, with 850 churches and 970 ministers.
ADVERTISING, in its primary sense, a notification. In some form it has existed from the earliest times, wher-
