the Persians and consequent defeat of Astyages and the Medes, when he became king, 659 B. C.; the conquest of Lydia and capture of Croesus; the siege and capture of Babylon in 538, and the invasion of Scythia, where he was defeated and slain by Tomyris, queen of the Massagetæ, 529. He was interred at Psargardæ.
CYRUS, surnamed The Younger, was son of Darius II., King of Persia, and Parysatis. In 407 B. C. he was made governor of the western provinces of Asia Minor. He was of ambitious temper, and was sentenced to death for plotting against his brother Artaxerxes on his accession to the throne, but was pardoned. Still determined to be king himself, he raised an army, including a large body of Greek mercenaries, crossed the Taurus, marched down the Euphrates, and at Cunaxa encountered the army of his brother, when he was defeated and slain, 401 B. C. Xenophon, who had served as a volunteer among the Greeks, conducted their retreat, and wrote an account of the expedition.
CYST (a bladder), a word sometimes used in the original sense as applied to hollow organs with thin walls, as the urinary bladder and gall-bladder; but commonly reserved for the designation of pathological structures or new formations within the body having the bladder form. Cysts may arise in two different ways: (1) either by the accumulation of products within cavities normally present, or (2) by the independent formation of a cavity. Of the first, wens, collections of secretion in a sebaceous gland of the skin, are the commonest example; instances of the second are cystic tumors of the ovary, and the sacs developed in connection with certain parasites. They are either simple or compound, unilocular or multilocular; they are sometimes small; in other cases they grow to an enormous size, and are very complex.
CYSTITIS, inflammation of the bladder.
CYSTOIDEA, an order of extinct echinoderms. They are spherodial animals. They have a mouth above; the arms are rudimentary. Von Buch first elucidated their structure and affinities at Berlin in 1845, and gave them the name of cystidese in place of sphseronites; their original appellation. Now cystidese has become cystoidea. They range from Upper Cambrian to the Silurian, being especially prominent in the Bala Limestone.
CYTHERE, a genus of entomostraca, order Ostracoda, family cytheridæ. The eye is single, the inferior antennæ setigerous, but without a tuft or pencil of tiny filaments; three pairs of feet inclosed within the shell. No heart present.
CYTHEREA (from Cytherea, a name for Venus, so called because she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the S. E. of the Morea), a genus of conchiferous mollusks belonging to the family veneridæ. The shell is like that of the genus Venus. The cythereas are in all seas; 176 recent species are known, and 200 fossils, the latter ranging from the Oölite till now.
CYTHERIDÆ, a family of entomostracous crustaceans, of which cythere is the type.
CYTHERON, a shepherd of Bœotia, changed by Jupiter into a mountain near Thebes.
CYTISUS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Legumisosæ, sub-order Papilionaceæ. The members of the genus are shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny, with leaves composed of three leaflets, and with yellow, purple, or white flowers. They belong to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and are very ornamental plants. The best known species is the common laburnum (C. Lahuryium; see Laburnum). Another species is the Alpine laburnum (C. alpinus). The common broom (C. Scoparius) also belongs to this genus.
CYZICUS, a peninsula of Asia Minor, 70 miles S. W. of Constantinople. It was once an island, and the site of an ancient town of the same name.
CZAR, a king; formerly the title of the Emperor of Russia. It was first assumed by Ivan IV., in 1547.
CZAREVNA, the title of the wife of the former czarowitz.
CZARINA, formerly the wife of an Emperor of Russia.
CZAROWITZ, CZAREVITCH, or CZAREWITCH, the title of the oldest son of the former Emperor of Russia.
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, REPUBLIC OF, composed of the former Austrian states of Bohemia, Moravia, the larger part of Silesia, and Slovakia, formerly a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Bohemia has an area of 20,065 square miles, with a population of about 6,700,000; Moravia 8,584 square miles, with a population of about 2,600,000; Silesia 1,988 square miles, with a population of about 757,000; and Slovakia about 25,000 square
