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MANUEL PAL^OLOGUS 112 MANZANILLO ous guides led them on to destruction. The French were received with great honors. Roger II.. King of Sicily, hav- ing invaded Greece and carried off im- mense spoil, Manuel made war on him, and took Corfu. Revolts of the Servians and Hungarians afterward occupied him, and in 1168 he made an unsuccessful ex- pedition to Egypt. In 1175, he was again at war with the Turks, with alternate de- feat and victory. He died Sept. 24, 1180. MANUEL PAL-aEOLOGUS (man'u-el pal-e-ol'-o-gus). Emperor of Constanti- nople; born in 1348. He was the son and successor of John Palaeologus. The Turks having invaded his dominions, he applied to the Latins for succor, but without ef- fect, on which he resigned his scepter to John Paljeologus IL, his son, and took a religious habit. He died in 1425. MANUFACTURERS, NATIONAL AS- SOCIATION OF, an association of man- ufacturers in the United States first formed in 1895 in Cincinnati for purposes of mutual co-operation in regard to laws affecting their interests, the demands of labor, and the promotion of foreign com- merce. The association gives information on foreign exchange and trade, credit re- ports, commercial opportunities abroad. Its headquarters are in New York City. MANURE, a term applicable to any material which may be used for acceler- ating vegetation or increasing the produc- tion of plants. The cultivation of plants tends to exhaust the soil of its air food and ash constituents. It becomes, thei'e- fore, necessary to replace these by addi- tion of manure. This, to some extent, proceeds naturally by the absorption of air food by the soil in the form of ammo- nia and carbonic acid, and also by the decomposition of the mineral matter of the soil under the influence of time and tillage. The air food is supplied by ni- trogenous matters, chiefly by ammoniacal salts, and the ash constituents by the use of salts of phosphoric acid and potash, in the form of preparations from bone or in the use of a mineral phosphate. Those sub- stances which furnish both classes of food comprise guano, stable manure, fish, sea- weed, artificial saline mixtures, etc. MANUSCRIPTS, literally, writings of any kind, whether on paper or any other material, in contradistinction to printed matter. All the existing ancient manu- scripts are written on parchment or on paper. The paper is sometimes Egyptian (prepared from the real papyrus shrub), sometimes cotton or silk paper (charta bombycina). Black and colored inks were used, but the latter chiefly for orna- mentation. On rare o-f.isions gold ^nd silver were the mediums, though from their cost they are oftenest confined to initial letters. With respect to external form, manuscripts are divided into rolls (voluniirut) , and into stitched books or volumes (properly codices). Among the ancients the writers of manuscripts were mainly freedmen or slaves (scribaz li- brarii). At a later period the monks were largely engaged in the production of manuscripts. In all the principal monasteries was a scriptorium, in which the scriptor or scribe could pursue his work in quiet. The most ancient manuscripts still pre- served are those written on papyrus which have been found in Egyptian tombs. Several of these are of date con- siderably before the Christian era. Next to them in point of age are the Latin manuscripts found at Herculaneum. Then there are the manuscripts of the imperial era of Rome, among which are the Vatican Terence and Septuagint, and the Alexandrine codex of the British Mu- seum. Numerous manuscripts of the Old and New Testaments of the 2d and 3d centuries exist; and among those of pro- fane authors may be noted that of Vergil (4th century), in the Laurentian Library at Florence; a Livy (5th century), in the Imperial Library of Vienna; the Jewish Antiquities of Josephus, in the Ambro- sian Library, Milan, etc. It was a com- mon custom in the Middle Ages to oblit- erate and erase writings on parchment, for the purpose of writing on the ma- terials anew, manuscripts thus treated being called "palimpsests." The art of illuminating manuscripts dates from the remotest antiquity. The Egyptian papyri were ornamented with vignettes or miniatures attached to the chapters, either designed in black out- lines or painted in primary colors in dis- temper. From the 8th to the 11th cen- tury the initial letters in use were com- posed of figures of men, quadrupeds, fishes, birds, etc. In the 16th century the art of illumination became extinct. Some attempts have been made to revive it by adorning paper, parchment, and vellum with designs in color or metals. MANUSCRIPTS, ILLUMINATION OF. See Manuscripts. MANZANILLO, a port on the S. coast of Cuba, about three-quarters of a mile from the mouth of the Yara, which affords at least a portion of the water supply, has a good harbor and export trade in valuable woods, sugar, etc. Pop. about 60,000. MANZANILLO (man-tha-nel'yoy.. a port of Mexico, on a fine bay opening