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MONROE 283 MONROE DOCTRINE he joined the Continental army in 1776. Took part in the battle of Ti-enton, Brandsnvine, Gennantoxsm, and Mon- mouth, rising to rank of colonel. Elected to the Assembly of Virginia, and in 1783 became a delegate to the Continental Congress. In 1785 he moved a reso- lution in Congress empowering that JAMES MONROE body to regulate interstate trade, and the discussion and adoption of this reso- lution led to further efforts toward the formation of a national government, that culminated in 1787 in the framing of the Constitution. While serving in Congress he married Miss Kortright. On leaving Congress after three years of service he was immediately elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in 1788 became a dele- gate to the Virginia convention that rati- fied the Constitution in which he opposed its adoption. As United States Senator he acted with the Republican party, with Jefferson and Madison, and denounced Washington's neutrality proclamation relative to the European conflict, advo- cating the cause of France as that of America's natural ally. Washington ap- pointed him minister to France in 1794. On his return, in 1799, he was elected governor of Viriginia. In 1802 he was sent to France as envoy extraordinary by Jefferson to negotiate the LOUISIANA Purchase (q. v.). He was minister to Great Britain in 1803-1807, where he negotiated a treaty that proved unac- ceptable to the people and Congress of the United States. He retired to Vir- ginia, but was again elected governor in 1811, and the same year appointed Sec- retary of State under Madison, combin- ing also the functions of Secretary of War. In 1817 he succeeded Madison as President, and was re-elected to a second term. His administrations were noted for the purchase of Florida from Spain, the adoption of the Missouri Compro- mise, and the enunciation of the Mon- roe Doctrine {q, v.). Died in New York, July 4, 1831. MONROE, PAUL, educator; born in North Madison, Ind., in 1869. attended Franklin College, Ind., and Chicago and Heidelberg universities. He became in- structor of history at Columbia Univer- sity, later speculating in education in its historic aspect, and lecturing at Yale and California universities as well as Co- lumbia. During 1912-1913 reported on the condition of education in the Philip- pines. Edited "Encyclopedia of Educa- tion." His works include: "Source Book in the History of Education," and "Prin- ciples of Secondary Education." MONROE, WILL SEYMOUR, edu- cator; bom Hunlock, Pa., in 1863; at- tended Stanford, and Jena, Paris, and Leipsic universities, becoming in 1896 professor of psychology at the Massa- chusetts State Normal School, Westfield. Since 1909 has taught at the New Jersey State Normal School, Montclair. He lec- tured before many universities in the United States and abroad, and has been delegate to many congresses and exposi- tions. His works include: "Poets and Poetry of the Wyoming Valley"; "Educa- tional Labors of Henry Barnard" ; "Com- menius' School of Infancy"; "Turkey and the Turks"; "In Viking Land"; "Sicily, Garden of the Mediterranean"; "Bohemia and the Czechs"; "Bulgaria and her Peo- ple." MONROE DOCTRINE, a policy of the United States, first definitely announced by President James Monroe, in his an- nual message to Congress, 1823, which contained the following sentences: "We owe it to candor and to the amicable^ re- lations existing between the United States and the allied powers, to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the exist- ing colonies or dependencies of any Eu- ropean power we have not interfered, and shall not interfere; but with the governments which have declared their independence and maintained it, and