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VALLEJO 155 VALPARAISO New Lisbon, O., July 29, 1820; was a member of Congress in 1858-1863, and during the Civil War was a strong friend of the Southern Confederacy. He was arrested in May, 1863, by United States troops, on a charge of uttering disloyal sentiments; was tried by court martial; and sentenced to confinement till the end of the war. This was afterward com- muted to banishment to the Confederate lines; but, as he was not very cordially received there, he went to Canada. In the same year he was nominated as can- didate for governor of Ohio, and was beaten by the largest majority ever given in that State. He was a member of the Democratic National Convention in 1864, at which General McClellan was nominated for the presidency. He died in Lebanon, O., June 17, 1871. VALLEJO (val-ya'ho), a city of Solano CO., Cal.; on the N. E. shore of San Pablo Bay, at the mouth of Napa creek, and on the Southern Pacific and the San Francisco, Napa and Calistoga railroads; opposite Mare Island navy- yard, 27 miles N. N. E. of San Fran- cisco. It has a large and safe harbor, accessible to the largest ships. Here are a high school, public library, Or- phans' Home, banks, electric lights, wa- terworks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The city has flour mills, shipyards, shoe factories, manufactories of steam engines, cement, boilers, eleva- tors, etc. Pop. (1910) 11,340; (1920) 21,107. VALLEY, in geology, a long depres- sion or hollow on the surface of the earth, margined by ground more or less high. It may be on a vast scale of mag- nitude, as the bed of an ocean would be if upheaved sufficiently to become land, or it may be comparatively small but broad; or narrow, as a glen or a deep gorge, called by Americans a caiion or gulch. It may be surrounded by hills, or may constitute a depression crossing a country from sea to sea. Valleys of stratification are produced by the decay and removal of shale or other soft rocks, while the less destructible hard rocks re- main. Other valleys have been exca- vated by rivers alone. Many valleys on low-lying plains adjacent to the sea have originally constituted river beds and banks, then through a depression of the land the ocean has gained access to them^ constituting them estuaries; then again upheaval has made them land valleys. Other valleys have constituted the beds of old lakes. Valleys, resembling troughs, on table-lands are in many cases pro- duced by the flexure of strata laterally, so as to constitute a series of ele- vations and depressions. A small num- ber of valleys occurring high up moun- tain sides may constitute old craters of eruption. In anatomy, a deep fossa separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum (called also vallecula). In architecture, the in- ternal angle formed by the junction of two inclined sides of a roof. VALLEYFIELD, a town in Beau- harnois cc, Quebec, Canada; on the St. Lawrence river and on the Grand Trunk and the St. Lawrence and Adirondaclc railways; 38 miles from Montreal. Near by is the head of Beauharnois canal, con- structed past the rapids of St. Lawrence. The river here is crossed by a splendid railway bridge. The town contains a cathedral, a num.ber of beautiful public buildings, and the residence of a Roman Catholic bishop. Pop. about 10,000. VALLEY FORGE, a village in Chester CO., Pa., on the Schuylkill river, and on the Philadelphia and Reading railroad; 24 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is noted as the place where Washington with about 11,000 troops went into winter quarters in December, 1777. It was here also that Baron Steuben became inspec- tor-general of the army, and the treaty of alliance with France was announced, May 6, 1778. During the winter the American army suffered greatly from cold and hunger, and about half of the men were unfit for active duty. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature acquired about 475 acres near Valley Forge as a public park and historic landmark. On Oct. 19, 1901, a monument was here un- veiled by the Daughters of the Revolu- tion in memory of the soldiers who died in camp during the winter of 1777-1778. Several States have also erected memo- rials to their soldiers. VALOIS (va-lwa'), HOUSE OP, a dynasty which ruled France from 1328 to 1589. In 1285 Philip III. gave the country of Valois (now in the depart- ments of Oise and Aisne) to his younger son Charles, and on the extinction of the Capet dynasty in 1328 the eldest son of this Charles of Valois ascended the French throne as Philip VI., and found- ed the Valois dynasty, which was fol- lowed by the house of Bourbon. VALPARAISO, a city and county-seat of Porter co., Ind. ; on the Pennsylvania, the New York, Chicago and St. Louis, and the Chicago and Grand Trunk rail- roads; 44 miles E. of Chicago. It is in an agricultural section. Here are the Val- paraiso University, the Northern Indiana Normal School, several National and State banks, and a number of daily and