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WINCHESTEB 384 WIND WINCHESTEB, a famous city of Hampshire, England, on the Itchen. The Castle Hill is the site of the old castle, or royal palace, built in the 13th cen- tury by Henry III,, and of a magnificent hall, of which the only remaining por- tion is used as the county court. The cathedral is a beautiful and imposing pile. The college of Winchester was founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, in 1387. The industries of Winchester are unimportant. Win- chester, the Roman Venta Belgarum, was the site of a British city before the arrival of the Romans in Britain, Caer-Gwend. It afterward became a Roman station, and as such was a place of^ considerable importance, and con- tained temples of Apollo and Concord. Pop. about 25,000. WINCHESTEB, a town and county- seat of Clark co., Ky.; on the Louisville and Nashville, the Chesapeake and Ohio, and other railroads; 18 miles E. of Lex- ington, It is in the celebrated "Blue Grass" region. Here are the Kentucky Wesleyan College, Winchester Female College, the Cooper Female Institute, street railroad and electric light plants, waterworks, National and State banks, and several newspapers. The principal in- dustries are agriculture and stock raising. Pop. (1910) 7,156; (1920) 8,333. WINCHESTEB, a town of Massa- chusetts, in Middlesex co., on the Boston and Maine Railroad and chiefly a resi- dential suburb of Boston. It contains Middlesex Fells, a State park. It has a public library, a hospital, and a home for aged people. Its industries Include the manufacture of leather, machinery, soda fountains, felt goods, etc. Pop. (1910) 9,309; (1920) 10,485. WINCHESTEB, a city and county-seat of Frederick co., Va.; on the Cumber- land Valley and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 88 miles W. by N. of Wash- ington, D. C. It is in a beautiful and fertile country which is part of the great Shenandoah valley of Virginia. The houses are built in a compact and substantial manner, mostly of brick and stone. Here are numerous churches, National and other banks, Fairfax Hall for Girls, the Valley Female College, the Shenandoah Valley Academy, and sev- eral weekly newspapers. The city has glove factories, paper mill, flour mills, broom factory, foundries, and cigar fac- tories. The city is the key to the Shen- andoah valley. During the Civil War it was many times taken and retaken by the opposing armies, and several battles T^i":?.^^"^^* "«^^ it- Pop- (1910) 5,864; (1920) 6,883, / . » WINCHESTEB, BATTLE OF, the name of several engagements in the American Civil War. The most impor- tant were: (1) A battle fought at Kernstown, Va., near Winchester, March 23, 1862, between the Federals under General Shields and the Confed- erates under General Jackson, in which the former were victorious. This battle is sometimes called the battle of Kerns- town. (2) A victory gained by the Con- federates, under General Early, over the Federals under General Crook, Julv 24, 1864. (3) A battle fought by the 'Fed- erals under General Sheridan and the Confederates under General Early, at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. The latter were defeated with a loss of 5,000 men. WINCKELMANN, JOHANN JOACHIM, a German archjeologist, the founder of scientific archaeology and of classic art history; born in Stendal, Germany, Dec. 9, 1717. He was the first to consider the masterpieces of classical antiquity as representative of a stage in the development of taste, and to for- mulate the theory of evolution in art. He seems to have obtained his first clue from some observation of Velleius Pater- culus and Quintilian. His greatest work is a "History of the Art of Antiquity" (1764), later on supplemented by "Ob- servations on the History of Art" (1767). He also published: "Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture" (1755); "Architecture of the Ancients" (1762) ; "Unknovra Mem- orials (or Monuments) of Antiquity" (1767) ; and many essays and pam- phlets. He died in Trieste, June 8, 1768. WIND, air in motion; the distributer of heat and moisture over the earth's surface; thus constituting a principal factor of what is called the weather. Any cause which disturbs the equilib- rium of pressure of the atmosphere will give rise to aerial currents. The most potent causes are variations in tempera- ture and in amount of aqueous vapor. Winds will always blow or tend to blow, from the regions of higher to regions of lower pressure, and the greater this difference, or, as the meteorologist ex- presses it, the steeper the gradient, the greater will be their force or intensity. The study of the action of the vdnd thus takes into account the differential pres- sure producing it, its direction, and its velocity; and for the sake of convenience of record and discussion winds are classi- fied according to their character as permanent, periodical, and variable; with respect to direction, we distinguish between horizontal, vertical, inclined,