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TWIN-SPOTTED QTJAKEK 53 TYLER article in 1914, after which it was tenta- tively used in a number of American hospitals, causing much discussion in the daily press for several months. It is now very seldom employed in this country, and was almost entirely ignored by the medical profession in European countries. Its superiority over chloro- form was never obvious. Aside from that, the use of ansesthetics in child- birth is generally deprecated by modern practitioners, the mother's consciousness being required to enable her to assist in the delivery of the child through her own physical efforts. TWIN-SPOTTED QUAKER, a Euro- pean night moth, the Tseniocampa munda. The wings are gray, with two closely approximate and very conspicuous dark spots on the disk of the fore wings. The caterpillar feeds on the oak. TWISS, SIR TRAVERS, an English jurist; born in London, England, March 19, 1809; was educated at University College, Oxford. Successively fellow and tutor of his college, a public exam- iner at Oxford,, Profe£,sor of Political Economy at Oxford (1842-1847), and of International Law in King's College, London (1852-1855), he became in 1855 Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. In 1858 he became Chancellor of the Diocese of London, in 1862 advocate-general of the Admiralty, Queen's advocate-general in 1867, being knighted that same year. He served also on various royal com- missions. He resigned all his offices in 1872, but in 1884 drew up for the Belgian King Leopold II. a constitution for the Kongo Free State, and in 1885 acted as legal adviser to the West African n- ference at Berlin. Among his most im- portant writings are "View of the Prog- ress of Political Economy Since the 16th Century" (1847) ; "Lectures on Inter- national Law" (1856) ; "The Law of Na- tions" (1861) ; "Law of Nations in Times of War" (1863) ; "Monumenta Juridica: The Black Book of the Admiralty" (4 vols. 1871-1876), an edition for the Rolls series of the "England's Laws and Cus- toms" of Henry de Bracton (6 vols. 1878- 1883), and "Belligerent Right on the High Seas" (1884). He died in London, Jan. 15, 1897. TYLER, a city and county-seat of Smith CO., Tex.; on the St. Louis South- western and the International and Great Northern railroads. It contains Tyler College, a court house, public library, the Cham wood Institute, numerous churches. National banks, and a number of daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. It has fruit-tree nurseries, canning factories, cotton compress, iron rolling mills, and tile and pottery works. Pop. (1910) 10,400; (1920) 12,085. TYLER, JOHN, an American states- man, 10th President of the United States; born in Charles City co., Va., March 29, 1790. His father was an officer in the army during the Revolution, and a judge of the Federal Court of Admiralty. Tyler was graduated at William and Mary College, in 1807, when but 17, and was admitted to the bar in 1809. At the age of 21 he was elected to the Virginia legislature; and in 1816, at the age of 26, was elected to Congress. In 1825 he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1827 Senator of the United States. He sustained the States' Rights policy in Congress, voted against the so-called Force Bill empowering President Jack- son to enforce the revenue laws in South Carolina, and for the resolutions censur- ing Jackson for removing the govern- ment funds to State banks. When in 1836, the Virginia legislature instructed to vote for the expunging of this censure, he resigned his seat in the Senate. In 1839 he was elected to the Virginia legislature, and in 1840 was elected Vice- President on the Whig ticket with William H. Harrison. On April 4, just one month after entering on the duties of his office, President Harrison died, and Tyler became President by succes- sion. He at once came into conflict with Congress by vetoing financial bills that he believed to be in violation of the Con- stitution. His cabinet, except Daniel Webster, resigned, and their places were filled by States' Rights Whigs. _ The most important acts of his administra- tion were a treaty with China and the annexation of Texas (1845). At the ex- piration of his term he retired to pi'ivate life, till 1861, when he was made presi- dent of a peace convention. Failing in his efforts to effect a compromise, he joined the Confederacy, and served in the Confederate Congress till his death in Richmond, Va., Jan. 18, 1862. TYLER, MOSES COIT, an American historian; born in Griswold, Conn., Aug. 2, 1835; was graduated at Yale Univer- sity in 1857; later studied theology; or- dained in the Congregational Church in 1859; pastor of the First Congregational Church, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1860- 1862; Professor of English Literature in Michigan University in 1867-1872 and in 1874-1881; literary editor of the "Chris- tian Union" in 1872-1874. He became Professor of American History in Cor- nell University in 1881; was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1881, and priest two years later. He was author of "History of American Literature During the Co-