Duke of York, afterwards James II., a connection which involved him in much trouble and humiliation.
Clarke, Charles Cowden (1787-1877).—Writer on Shakespeare, etc., friend of Keats, and a publisher in London. Latterly he lived in France and Italy. His wife, Mary C.-C. (1809-1898), dau. of V. Novello, musician, compiled a complete Concordance to Shakespeare (1844-45), and wrote The Shakespeare Key (1879) and, with her husband, Recollections of Writers (1878).
Clarke, Marcus (1846-1881).—Novelist, b. in London, went to Australia, where he took to journalism. He wrote two novels, Long Odds and For the Term of his Natural Life (1874), the latter dealing in a powerful and realistic manner with transportation and convict labour. He also wrote Lower Bohemia in Melbourne, The Humbug Papers, The Future Australian Race.
Clarke, Samuel (1675-1729).—Divine and metaphysician, b. at Norwich, was ed. at Camb., where he became the friend and disciple of Newton, whose System of the Universe he afterwards defended against Leibnitz. In 1704-5 he delivered the Boyle lectures, The Being and Attributes of God, assuming an intermediate position between orthodoxy and Deism. In 1712 he pub. views on the doctrine of the Trinity which involved him in trouble, from which he escaped by a somewhat unsatisfactory explanation. He was, however, a powerful opponent of the freethinkers of the time. C. also pub. an ed. of the Iliad, a Latin translation of the Optics of Newton, on whose death he was offered the Mastership of the Mint, which, however, he declined.
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne ("Mark Twain") (1835-1910).—American Humourist, b. at Florida, Missouri. After, working as a printer and as a Mississippi pilot, he became a journalist in San Francisco. The result of a tour to the Mediterranean was The Innocents Abroad (1869). Other works were The Jumping Frog (1867), Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), A Tramp Abroad (1880), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Huckleberry Finn (1885), The £1,000,000 Bank Note (1893), Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900), and Christian Science (1907). In the midst of his success he was overtaken by a heavy financial disaster through the failure of a publishing firm of which he had become a partner. He however set himself to work off his liabilities. Though his humour was often rather mechanical or rough, it was often keen, subtle, and based on serious principles. In 1907 he visited England, and was received with enthusiasm, and among other distinctions received from Oxford the degree of LL.D.
Cleveland, John (1613-1658).—Poet, s. of an usher in a charity school, was b. at Loughborough, and ed. at Camb., where he became coll. tutor and lecturer on rhetoric at St. John's, and was much sought after. A staunch Royalist, he opposed the election of Oliver Cromwell as member for Camb. in the Long Parliament, and was in consequence ejected from his coll. in 1645. Joining the King, by whom he was welcomed, he was appointed to the office
