CHAP. III.
_____and the internal provinces were subject to the immediate jurisdiction of the senate. With regard to civil
objects, it was the supreme court of appeal ; with regard to criminal matters, a tribunal, constituted for the trial of all offences that were committed by men in any public station, or that affected the peace and majesty of the Roman people. The exercise of the judicial power became the most frequent and serious occupation of the senate ; and the important causes that were pleaded before them, afforded a last refuge to the spirit of ancient eloquence. As a council of state, and as a court of justice, the senate possessed very considerable prerogatives ; but in its legislative capacity, in which it was supposed virtually to represent the people, the rights of sovereignty were acknowledged to reside in that assembly. Every power was derived from their authority, every law was ratified by their sanction. Their regular meetings were held on three stated days in every month, the calends, the nones, and the ides. The debates were conducted with decent freedom ; and the emperors themselves, who gloried in the name of senators, sat, voted, and divided with their equals.
General idea of the imperial system.To resume, in a few words, the system of the imperial government ; as it was instituted by Augustus, and maintained by those princes who understood their own interest and that of the people, it may be defined an absolute monarchy disguised by the forms of a commonwealth. The masters of the Roman world surrounded their throne with darkness, concealed their irresistible strength, and humbly professed themselves the accountable ministers of the senate, whose supreme decrees they dictated and obeyed[1].
Court of the emperors.The face of the court corresponded with the forms- ↑ ' Dion Cassias (1. liii. p. 703 — 714.) has given a very loose and partial sketch of the imperial system. To illustrate, and often to correct him, I have meditated Tacitus, examined Suetonius, and consulted the following moderns : the abb6 de la Bleterie, in the M6moires de I'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. xix. xxi. xxiv. xxv. xxvii. ; Beaufort, R^publique Romaine, tom. i. p. 255 — 275 ; the dissertations of Noodt and Gronovius, de Lege Regia, printed at Leyden in the year 1731 ; Gravina de Imperio Romano, p. 479 — 544. of his Opuscula ; MafFei, Verona Illustrata, p. i. p. 245, etc.
