CHAP. II. -----quests. A nation of Romans was gradually formed in the provinces, by the double expedient of introducing
colonies, and of admitting the most faithful and deserving of the provincials to the freedom of Rome.
Colonies and municipal towns."Wheresoever the Roman conquers, he inhabits," is a very just observation of Seneca[1], confirmed by history and experience. The natives of Italy, allured by pleasure or by interest, hastened to enjoy the advantages of victory; and we may remark, that, about forty years after the reduction of Asia, eighty thousand Romans were massacred in one day by the cruel orders of Mithridates[2]. These voluntary exiles were engaged, for the most part, in the occupations of commerce, agriculture, and the farm of the revenue. But after the legions were rendered permanent by the emperors, the provinces were peopled by a race of soldiers; and the veterans, whether they received the reward of their service in land or in money, usually settled with their families in the country where they had honourably spent their youth. Throughout the empire, but more particularly in the western parts, the most fertile districts, and the most convenient situations, were reserved for the establishment of colonies; some of which were of a civil, and others of a military nature. In their manners and internal policy, the colonies formed a perfect representation of their great parent; and as they were soon endeared to the natives by the ties of friendship and alliance, they effectually diffused a reverence for the Roman name, and a desire, which was seldom disappointed, of sharing, in due time, its honours and advantages[3]. The municipal cities insensibly equalled the rank and splendour of the colonies ; and in the reign of Hadrian, it was dis-
↑Memnon apud Photium, c. 33 j Valer. Maxim, ix. 2. Plutarch and Dion Cassius swell the massacre to one hundred and fifty thousand citizens; but I should esteem the smaller number to be more than sufficient.
↑Twenty-five colonies were settled in Spain, (see Plin. Hist. Natur. iii. 3, 4. iv. 35.) and nine in Britain, of which London, Colchester, Lincoln, Chester, Gloucester, and Bath, still remain considerable cities : see Richard of Cirencester, p. 36. and Whitaker's History of Manchester, 1. i. c. 3.
