Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/493

CALACHENE. r^Titum by the cross road is given in the Ttin. Ant. (p. 119) at 44 M. P.; the Tabula gives three inter- mediate stations : Mesochoro, Urbius and Scamnum : all three of which are otherwise wholly unknown. For the modem geography of this part of Italy, as well as for local details concerning the ancient re- mains still visible, see the work of Antonio dei Ferrari (commonly called, from the name of his birthplace, Galateo), Dt Situ Japygiae (first pub- lished at Basle in 1558, and reprinted by Burmann in the Thesaurus ArUiquUatum Italiae, vol. ix. part v.), one of the most accurate and valuable of its class ; also Romanelli, Topografia del Regno di Napolif vol. ii. ; Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies^ vol. i. p. 205, foil; Keppel Craven, Tour through the Southern Provinces of Naples^ pp. 120 —190. [E. H. B.] CALACHE'NE (Kaoxi?»'^, Strab. xi. p. 529, xvi. p. 735), a district of Assyria, probably the same as that called by Ptolemy Calacine (KoAoucii^, Ptol vi. 1. § 2). It appears from Strabo (xvi. p. 735) to have been in the Wcinity of Ninus (Nineveh), and it has therefore been supposed by Bochart and others to have derived its name firom Calach, one of the primeval cities attributed to Nimrod or his lieutenant Ashur. The actual situation of Calach has been much debated; the latest supposition is that of Colonel Rawlinson, who is inclined to identify it with the ruins of Nimrud, Ptolemy appears to con- sider it adjacent to the Armenian mountains, and classes it with Arrapachitis, Adiabene, and Arbelitis. It is not impossible that it may be connected with another town of a similar name, Chalach, to which the Israelites were transported by the King of As- syria (2 Kings J xvii. 6, xviii. 11); and Bochart has even supposed the people called by Pliny Classitae ought really to be Calachitae. (Rawlinson, Comment on Cuneiform Inscr. Lond. 1850.) [V.] CALACTE, or CALE ACTE (KaaiCTo, Ptol.: KoA^ 'Akt^, Dlod. et al.: Eth. KoAourrtvos, Calac- tinus : Caronia)^ a city on the N. coast of Sicily, about half way between Tyndaris and Cephaloedium. It derived its name from the beauty of the neighbouring country ; the whole of this strip of coast between the Montes Heraei and the sea being called by the Greek settlers from an early period, " the Fair Shore " (ri KoA^ *Airr^). Its b^uty and fertility had attracted the particular attention of the Zanclaeans, who in consequence invited the Samians and Milesians (after the capture of Miletus by the Persians, B.C. 494) to establish themselves on this part of the Sicilian coast. Events, however, turned their attention else- where, and they ended with occupying Zancle itself. (Herod, vi. 22, 23.) At a later period the project was resumed by the Sicilian chief Ducetius, who, after his expulsion from Sicily and his exile at Co- rinth, returned at the head of a body of colonists from the Peloponnese ; and having obtained much support from the neighbouring Siculi, especially from Archonides, dynast of Herbita, founded a city on the coast, which appears to have been at first called, like the region itself, Cale Acte, a name af- terwards contracted into Calacte. (Diod. xii. 8, 29.) The new colony appears to have risen rapidly into a fk)urishing town; but we have no subsequent ac- count of its fortunes. Its coins testify its continued existence as an independent city previous to the pe- riod of the Roman dominion ; and it ap^ienrs to have been in Cicero's time a considerable municipal town. (Cic. m Verr. iii. 43, ad Fam. xiii. 37.) Silius Italicus speaks of it as abounding in fish, " littus CALAGURRIS. 475 piscosa Calacte " (xiv. 251); and its name, though omitted by Pliny, is found in Ptolemy, as well as in the Itineraries; but there is considerable difficulty in regard to its position. The distances given in the Tabula, however (12 M. P. from Alaesa, and 30 M. P. from Cephaloedium), coincide with the site of the modem village of Caroniay on the shore below which Fazello tells us that ruins and vestiges of an ancient city were still visible in his time. Cluverius, who visited the locality, speaks with admiration of the beauty and pleasantness of this part of the coast, " littoris excellens amoenitas et pulchritude,'* which rendered it fully worthy of its ancient name. (Cluver. SicU. p. 291 ; Fazell. i. p. 383; Tab. Pent, Itin. Ant, p. 92 ; where the numbers, however, are certainly conrupt.) The celebrated Greek rheto- rician Caecilius, who flourished in the time of Au- gustus, was a native of Calacte (or, as Athenaeus writes it, Cale Acte), whence he derived the surname of Calactinus. (Athen. vi. p. 272.) [E. H. B.] COIN OF CALACTE. CALAGUM, seems to be a town of the Meldi, a Gallic people on the Matrona (Mame). If latinnm is MeauXj Calagum of the Table may be Chailly, which is placed in the Table at 18 M. P. from Fixtu- inum, supposed to be the same as latinnm. [G.L.] CALAGURRIS (Calagorris, Calaguris, KoArf- yovptSj Strab. iii. p. 161 ; KoKdyvpov, Appian. B. C. i. 112: Eth. Calagurritani : Calahorra), a city of the Vascones, in llispania Tarraconensis, stood upon a rocky hill near the right bank of the Iberus (Auson. Epist. xxv. 57, haerens scopuiis Calo- gorris)^ on the high road from Caesaraugusta (Za- ragoza) to LegioVII. Gemina (^Leon)^ 49 M. P. above the former city {Itin. Ant. p. 393). It is first mentioned in the Celtiberian War (b. c. 186: Liv. xxxix. 21); but it obtained a horrible celebrity in the war with Sertorius, by whom it was success- fully defended against Pompcy. It was one of the last cities which remained faithful to Sertorius; and, after his death, the people of Calagnrris resolved to share his fate. Besieged by Pompey's legate Afra- nius, they added to an heroic obstinacy like that of Sau^mtum, Numantia, and Zaragoza^ a feature of horror which has scarcely a parallel in history : in the extremity of famine, the citizens slaughtered their wives and children, and, after satisfying pre- sent hunger, salted the remainder of the flesh for future use ! The capture and destruction of the city put an end to the Sertorian War (Strab. /. c. ; Liv. Fr. xcl, Epit. xciil; Appian. B. C. i. 112; Flor. iii. 23; Val. Max. vil 6, ext. 3; Juv. xv. 93; Oros. v. 23). Under the empire, Calagnrris was a municipium with the civitas Romana, and belonged to the con- ventus of Caesaraugusta (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4). It was sumamcd Nassica in contra-distinction to Cala- GURRis FiDui^RiA, a Stipendiary town in the same neighbourhood (Liv. Fr. xci.; Plin. /. c. calls the peoples respectively Calaguritani Nassici and Calo' guritani Fibularenses). The latter place seems to be the Calagnrris mentioned by Caesar as fomiing