FRAKCL Above tlie place where t^ canal entered the gaif. There is etiU visible on one of the sides a long cntting made in the rock at the base of the hiil, and it is probable that the sluice was here. West of Fos is a large marsh, called Le Marais de Foz^ which the canal crossed. This manth ends in an iiang of the same name, which joins the ^Umg de Galifan, where was the oatkt of the Massaliot branch of the Rhone in the time of Manns. The manh of Fos, along the whole line, whers the canal 18 supposed to have mn, still presents a hollow, which B filled with water in Uie raipj season. The Maritime Itinerary pukes it xvi M. P. from the Fossae (Foe) to <*Ad Gradnm Massili- tHnamm," which was <m the Bhone ; and the Itine- raiy, which gives the land routes, plaoes Fossae between Massilia and Arelate (Arliu), The <Htier of places is: Massilia, Calcaria [Calcaria], Fossae Marianae (Fos), Arelate : the direct distance from Fossae Marianae to Arelate is 13 M. P., which is too small. In another place the Itineraries make it 83, which is too much. However, there is no doubt that Fossae is Fob, or Foii-let-Martiguet, The direct road from Fossae to Arelate ran through the Crofi, the Oampi Lapidei. The "Ad Gradum " seems to have been at or near the place where the canal of Marius joined the Bhone. The distance from ** Ad Gradnm" along the rivef np to Arelate is marked 30 M. P. in the Maritime Itineraty. The ^ Statistique, &c." supposes that the canal of Marius was continued due north about twelve miles, reckoning from Ad Gradum to the Star^ of the I>e8uviates, which cominrised the marshes of Arles^ of MoTO-MajotUy and of Baux : this tftang received part, at least, of the water of the Loudrion, a canal which nuis from the Durance (Druentia) near Organ. It is further stated that the Loutfrion fed the Fossae Marianae ; and that Marios also made another canal, which has since been replaced bj that of Craponne. Some of these assertions are very doubtful ; but the canal to the Rhone from the Sto- malimne ((^tanff de rEttomna^ or EttrftmOt as it is also still written) seems to be the werk of Marius. At a pUee called Pant^du-JRoij in front of the bar of FoZy there are the remuns of the foundations of houses ; and this agrees with the Tid)le, ^riiich mariu the Fossae Marianne, by a seinicucnlar building open to the sea, as a haven and station. The hill mentioned by Strabo, as separating the Stomalimne from the Rhone, is supposed to be a hill between Fw and letrea, ¥niether Marine made more than one cut, and whether Fossae or Fossa is the true name, we cannot telL It is likely enough that there was more than a single cut ; or, at least, some small cuts, besides the lai^e cut This great work of the Roman soldier was a monument of his talent and his perseverance, as glorious as the victories by which he saved Italy from a barbario deluge. (D'Anville, Notice ,* MeU, ed. J. Voss, who has a good note on the Fossae; Ukert, GalKenf p.131, &C., which contains the references to the French authorities.) [G. L.] FRANC I, the name of a confederation of Ger- man tribes to which belonged the Sigambri (the principal people), Chamavl, Ampsivarii, Bructeri, Chatti, Marsi, Tubantes, Attuarii, Dulgibini, and others. This confederation, which had stepped into the plaM of that of the CheruBd on the Lower Rhine, is mentioned for the first time by Vopiscus (Aurel 7), about A. D. 240. The name Fnmci gra- dually absorbed the names of the separate tribes YOU L FREGELLAE. 913 fanning the confiBdention, which, however, Is some- times designated by the name of the leading people, the Sigambri (e. g. Claudian, delF, Con. Bon. 446). These Fraud, or Franks, as they are commonly called, conquered the northern parts of Gaul; and, having amalgamated with the Romanised Celts of that oonntiy, they adopted the civilisation of the conquered people, and soon acquired such power that, under their great king Clevis, a. d. 496, they re- turned and subdued tbeur own kinsmen in the north and south of Germany, and thus established the great Frankish empire. But their histoiy belcngs to the middle ages. [L. S.] FRATUERTIUM or FRATUENTUM, a town of Calabria, mentioned by Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16), in conjunction with Soletum and Lupiae. Its municipal existence is confirmed by an inscription on which the Fratuentini are associated with the citizens of Keritum, a town in the same neighbourhood (Lupui, Iter. Venae, p. 108; OralL/fwcr. 3108); but its site is unknown. It seems, however, pro!Nd>le that the ruins of an ancient d^, described by Gakteo {de Situ Tapt^giae, p. 96) as existing at Muro, may be those of Fratuertium.* The name is written in the inscription just cited Fratuentum, which is probably the correct form. [E. U. B.3 FRA'XINUS. [LusiTAinA.] FREGELLAE (*p€y4Xcu, Strab.; ♦p^cX^A, Steph. B.: Eth. *p€yt^aif6Sf Fregellanus), a dty of LaUum, in the more extended sense of the term, but properly a city of the Volsdans, dtnated on the left bank c^ the Liris, nearly opposite to its con- flumce with the Trerus, and a short distance on the left of the Via Latbm. (Strab. v. p. 237.) Ac- cording to Livy it was originally occupied by the Sididni, and afterwards by the Volsdans, from whom it was again wrested by the Samnites. The latter are said to have destroyed the dty; but in B.C. 328, the Romans, having made themselves masters of this part of the valley of the Liris, restored Fregellae, and established there a colony o[ Roman citizens, an act which was so strongly resented by the Samnites, that it became the imme- diate occasion of the outbreak of the Second Samnite War. (Liv. viii. 22, 23 ; Appian, Samn. iv. 1.) During the course of that war Fregellae was more than once surprised by the Samnites, but on eveiy occasion recovered by the Romans. (Liv. ix. 12, 28.) During the advance of Pyirhns upon Rome, in b. o. 279, he is said to have ravaged FregelhM ('* FregeUas populatus," Flor. i. 18. § 24); but whether he ac- tually took the town, or only laid waste its territoiy, is uncertain. At a later period (b. c. 211), we know that it was able to defy the arms of Hannibal, and its dtisens bad the courage to break down the bridge over the Luis, for the purpose of retarding lus march upon Rome, while they sent in all haste to the dty, to give warning of his approach. (Liv. xxvi. 9.) As a punishment for this offence their ter- ritory was ravaged by him with peculiar severity, but, notwithstanding this, the Fregellans were two years afterwards (b. c 209) found among the dghteen colonies faithful to Rome (Uv. xxviL 10), and a body of their cavalry is mentioned with peculiar distinction in the action in which Maroellus perished (Id. xxvii. 26, 27 ; Pint Marc. 29). It is singular that Fregellae, which was at this time distixiguished
- These are assigned by Romandli to Sarmadium,
a name found in &e old- editions of Pliny, but for which there is no authority. 3 IT
