Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/281

1023 orTHnm. Tba GjrtiHiiuu *n meolioDcd tmaog tb« Tb»- ■alians who MM ud to the AthEDUun it the com- raencnnent of tliB Peloponassiu] Vfti. (Thoc. iL S3.) Tba nuiM of the citj fnqoentl; oceun it > Iiln period. (Liv. II a;, i Polfb. Tviii. 5 ; McU, ■i. 3 : PliiL iv. 9. «. 16 ; PtoL iiL 13. S 43.) OYTHIUM (rM"», Stf«b,, Poljb,. Plat,! Gj- tluam,LiT.i n>0iiar, Stcph. 1). t. n. ; Cjtliauin, Cic. : Elk. IWiirqi), «D uiciHit Achaun Unrn in Li- coois, dtiuted nair the h«d rt thi LuodIui gulf, Boath-imt at the mooth of lbs Enrotu, at tho du- tance of 240 itadis trom Sputi aasTding lo SCnbo (Tiii. p. 363), and 30 Bomui mila ■anriing to tha Tabl& This diMaocs mgnm witb tfas 43 kilo- mctru wl icb the FicdcIi oHntnisuoo round lo be the diatance bj the mad fmn tha nUD) of GrtbioDi to the theatre of Sparta. In Poljbitu Grtbinm ia aaid to ba 30 atadia fnmi Sparta ; bat this nimiber is arideDtl; compt. and (at ttfi rpiAuvrra ve ooght (0 nad with UiUler T>fil Tpuucivta. (Poljb. T. 19.) Gjlhium atood upon the amaQ etnun Gjthiiu (Mela, ii. 3), in a fiu^le aad weU-coltiTaud plain. (Potjti. V. 19.) lU ch«Ma an celebnted in one of Lncian'a dialognes. (Wot Merelr. 14.) Aft«r tba Dorian cc^neAt it became the chief mari- time town in l^conia, and waa tberefore regarded aa Ibe port, of Sparta. It iraa alao the ordinary atation of their abipi of war. Accordinf^l;, when var brc4e out between Athena and Sparta, Gjtbium waa one of the first places wbicb the Atbeniina attacked with their auperior fleet : and in B. c 455 it wai burnt by Tolmidaa, the Athenian commander. (Thuci. 103; Diod. li. 84.) On the iaranon of Lacooia hj Epaminondaa in b. c. 370, after the battle of LeDctra, he advanced aa far aenlb aa Gftbium, but waa unable (o take it, tbongb he laid aii^toitfortbindajs. (Sen. ffe/JL vL S. S 3!.) Even then it muat bare been well forliSed, but ita fortiEcationa appear to bare been still furtber in- creased b; Ibe tyrant Nabia ; and when it waa taken by the Romans in 195 it ia described bj Lity as " ralida uibs, et multitodine ciTJum incoUnunque et omui bellico apparatn inatmcta" (ixiir, S9). AugusttiB made it one of the Elentben>'l«caniiui a place of importance, which belong almost eidtuirely to the Roman period. Ita port, according to the information *e- cHied by Slrabo, waj artificial C'X" y. S' *«", ri vaixme/ier ipurt6r, Strab, viii. p. 363). Pansanias saw in Ibe market-place of Gytbinm statues of Apollo and Bercnles, who were reputed lo be the finnden of the city ; near tb«n a atatue of Ditaiyaiu; and on Ibe other nde of the market- place a statue of Apollo Camrina, a temple of Ammon, a bnzcn atatue of Asclepioa, the temple of which had no roof, a founlaia sacied to this f;od, a eeDCtuarj of Demeter, and a atatue of Pcmidon Gacaochus. A fountain itill ftnring between the ibore and the Acropolia ateme lo have been the aboce-mentiored fountain of Asclepns. and thus iodicata the ai la of the Agon. On the Acropolia waa a temple cf Athena; and tba gates of Castor mcDtiancd by Pansaniai appear to have led from ihe lower city to the citadel (Pans. iii. SI. §§ 8, 9.) Opposite Gy- thium was the ieland CraniiS, whither Paris waa aaid to have carried off Helen fii>m Sparta. [Cea- The coaat on the mainland aonth nf Gjlliinm was aaid to have dpriTcd ita name of Mi^ooiom ^HiTiSnov) (nun the uuicin of Paris and Helen GTTHOms. m the opfnule island. Ou this coot waa a l^^fc of Aplmdite Uigonitia. and above it a buoDtaia aacred to DioDjaua called Laiyiiun (Aa|i<riar), where a festival laaa celehrated to thi* gsd in the beginninj; i£ BprinR. {Pant. iiL 21. $ 1.) Faiaa- nias further deacrila, at the ihtanee cf thiva stadia <Tom Gjthiiun, a stooe op whicji (iRNea ia aaid ta have been ithexd firoca his nMtnwia. Thia sIibb waa called Zeut (aecordii^ to Sjlbnrg, A*at) *rr- Tvrat, i, e. inrTa*iii(ntf, the Betierer. The Ivaa MaraiAorUji, whicbwaabuilt at thebcf^inninjref the present century, and la the chief port of the dntrict MatU, occnpin the site of UigminiD ; and the hill Tbe remuna of Gjthinm, called PaIe6poli, 'an d- north ot McmiJumin, Tbi^ £■ lope of JlhilU.«  them and the tea. Thae raoains, which are cmaiderable, belong chiefly to the BotniBi prned, aa has been ahndir atated. Ntar the edge of the shore are the rtmaini of two la^ baildinga. po- bablj Boman baths, canoating of aeveimi ainall nuu and dirisicna. The feondatioaa of buildii^ nay alao be aeoi under water. Mnety yards inland ina the ahore, on the alope of the lar^ hill, ars the re- mama cf the tbealn. bmh rf while marble. Sunc of the marUe seats atill temain'in their placea, bu moat i£ Ibcm haTs disappeand, aa the apace ea- clueed by the theatre has been convrrted into a ii»- yard. Tbe diamettr appears lo baTB been absl 150 feet From 50 to 100 feet (noi the tlKatie.iB a alight hollow between the hilli, an the ros of a Bamin building of cunsiderahle siu. Tbe AmpnCs was on the top of the hil] above the tbcatra. bat rf ila wall* there are only a few fragmeata. All noad the town, and eapecially cd the hilla, are twAOr v thirty ruins of small baiidinga of tiles aad raortar, in Ibe Soman atyle, eoDtuning nichea in the walk Theee were Roman aepnlchrea: one of tbem waa ei- cavated by B«a, who taaai there aome sepokbial On the left of the rrad IVan F^ltipaU to Mb- i roJAonfR is an inscritAiai on the mck, which hi* i not jet been deciphered (BiicUi, /ascr. 1469)^^ and close to it, hewn in the rock, ia a chair wiih a foot-atep. whkh appeara to be the apot where Ottstea waa aaid to have been relieved frnn hia madness. Moat of the inscriptions Itnnd at FaifopnH an ef the Ronun period. (B^ckb./Hcr.lSSS, 1326. 1391, 1393, 1469.) (Weber, di Gyiea ft Laadaewu- niommReiuWani'ihw. Heidelberg. 1833; Lake, Xorta, voL i. p. 244 ; Bohlaya, AecWciln, 4r. p. 86; Roas, Waaderangen m Grvdumlmd, tcL iL p. 232, te. ; Cuitiua, PeliipsaBeaM, ToL iL p. S7a) GTTEO^ES (rMwHi, Ptol. iii. S. % 30), a Sarmitian people, aitnattd to the W. of the Voiedi. pwitiou must be soo^ht for in the casteni parts of Prussia. {Comp. Schafarik, Sim. AU. v^L ■ - 121,304,301.) [E.B.J.]