HISPANIA. the year after tlio expulsion of the Cartbaginians, B. c. 205 ; and at the same time the division of the peninsaU into two parts, which appea» already to have been used as a geographical distinction, was made a part of the political con- Btitntion; so that the peninsula formed, from the first down to the time of Augustus, two* provinces, the eastern, called Hispahia Citekiob (^ imit 'Itf-vor^ or 'Iffiipfa), and the western called His- PANiA Ulteriob (^ ltn6i or l{« L), the words ^KT^f and IktU haring reference to the river Ibkkus {Ehro) which was at iirst adopted as the natural boundary. (Strab. iii. p. 166; Caes. B. C. iii. 73 ; Clc. pro Leg. MamU. 12 ; pro FonL 56. 3 ; Liv. xxviii. 18, xxx. 30, xxxii. 27, 28, xlv. 16 ; Plin. iu. 1. 8.2; Tac ^nn. iv. 13; Flor. iv.>2.) The boundary, however, was drawn difierently at different times ; so that we find, in Caesar (B. C, i. 38), Hispania Citerior extending as fiar as the Saltus Cajbtulonensis, on the N£. margin of the valley of the Bartis ( Guadalquivir) ; and after- wmrds the boundaiy was drawn £roro this range, or from the sources of the Baetis to New Carthage, and Uter still to the town of Uuci {Altneria)^ a little W. of the SE. point of the peninsula (Cha- BiDBHi Pb.; C de GcUa)^ or even to Mubois, a liitle further to the W. (Artemid. ap. Steph. B. «.9.
- l^pUu ; Strab. L c. ; PUn. iii. 3. s. 4 ; Const.
Porph. de Admin, Imp. iL 23.) Polybius, having probably in his mind the old Greek distinction be- tween the country of the Celts and that of the Iberians, calls the eastern province Celtiberia and the western Iberia, and maikes the boundary near Saguntum; but by this he probably refers to the £bro as the boundary, for he fell into the common mistake about the position of Saguntum (Polyb. iii. 17 ; comp. Saouivtuii ; see also Artemid. ap. Steph. B. t. V. HfupoffKfyirMy ; Strab. iii. p. 148 ; Pint Serior. 3). Other writers use Celtiberia as a synonym for Hither Spain (Plin. iv. 36 ; Solin. 23). Lastly, some late writers used the terms Great and Little Spain {'Ivwayla fitydiri and /Juxpd) as equivalent respectively to Hither and Further Spain (Charax, ad ConsL Porph. de Admin. Imp. ii. 23 ; comp. Steph. B. t. v. 'Icnroyiot). Even after the division into three provinces, we still find the phrases Hispania Citerior and Ulterior, the latter including Baetica and Lusitania. 2. AdminUtralion before Augustus. — The two provinces were govcmedf at first, by proconsuls elected extra orxUnem (Liv. xxviii. 38 ; xxix. 13, xxxL 20), and afterwards by two praetors, who were usually invested with the power of proconsuls and the insignia of the 12 fasces. (Liv. xxxii. 28, zxxiiL 26 ; Duker. ad Liv. xxxvii. 46, xxxix. 29 ; Drakenborch. ad Liv. xl. 39.) At the time of the Biaoedonian war, the provinces were united under one governor; but only as a temporaiy arrangement, and the double government was restored in b.c. 167 (Liv. xliv. 17, xlv. 16). As already observed, there were two armies stationary in Spain ; two legions in each province (oomp. Caes. £. C. i 38). The seat of government for Hither Spain was at first Tab- BAOO, and afterwards also Cabthago Nova ; that of the Further Province seems generally to have been at Cobduba, and sometimes at Gades. 3. The Three Provinces of Tarraconensis, Bae-
- Hence, as already observed, the names His-
paniae and *l6fipiai ; and also duae Eispaniae^ Cic. IL sup. ciU HISPANIA. 1081 lieay and Lusitania, — Already in the time of Julius Caesar we find a distinction made between the part of Further Spain which lay S£. of the Anas ((Tuo- diantC^ and the country of the Lusitani and Vet- tones to the W. and N. of that river. He represents the country as divided between the three legati of Pom])eius, of whom Afranius held Hispania Citerior, with three l^ions; Petreius, the country from the Saltus Castulonensis to the Anas, with two legions; and Varro, the territory of the Vettones and Lusi- tani, on from the Anas, with two legions. (£. C. i. 38.) This distinction was adopted in the settlement of the provinces by Augustus; Hispania Ulterior being divided into the two provinces of Babtica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior * was called by the new name of HisIpania Tabbaconknsis, after its old capital Tabaco. (Appian, Hisp, 3, 102; Strab. in. p. 166; Mela, iL 6; Ptin. iii. 2; Dion Cass, liii 12; Const Porph. de Admin. Imp, ii. 23: the phrase tru Hispaniae is found in an in- scription, ap. Marini, ii. p. 785 : respecting the boun- daries of the three provinces, see the several articles.) 4. Imperial Administration. — Baetica was a senatorial province; the other two were provinciae Caesaris (Strab. xvii. p. 840; Suet. Aug. 27; Dion Cass. liii. 12) : all three were governed by praetors, of whom the praetor of Tarraconensis had consular power; and under him were three legati and three l^ons. His residence was generally at Tarraco, but sometimes also at New Carthige: that of the praetor of Baetica at Corduba; that of the pro- praetor of Lusitania usually at Augusta Emerita. The finances were administered, in Baetica, by a quaestor, in the two other provinces by proeuratores Caesaris. 5. Conventus Juridici. — For judicial purposes, the whole country was divided into districts, called conventus juridici^ in each of which the courts were held at a chief city, to which the conventus was con- sidered to belong. There were, according to Pliny, who makes this division the basis of his description, 14 conventus in all; of which Tarraoonenses had 7, Baetica 4, and Lusitania 3; as follows (Plin. iii. 3. 8. 4, iv. 20. 8. 24, 21. s. 35): — (1). The 7 conventus of Tabbaoonensis were those of Cabthago Nova, Tabbaco, Caesab- AuousTA, Clunia, Lucus AuousTi, Bbacaba Augusta, and probably Astubica Augusta; be- sides the Balearic isUnds. [Balbabbs Insulab.] These 7 conventus contained 472 towns and villages, of which 293 were reckoned as belonging to the other {contrUutM aUis) 179, which were made up as follows: 12 coUmiaSt 13 oppida civium Romano- rum (i. e. with the full Roman citizenship), 18 Xa- iinorum veterum (i. e. with the^uf Latii)^ I foede- ratorum (allied, but without the civitas), and 135 stipendiaria (i. e. tributary, Plin. iii. 3. s. 4). (2). The 4 conventus of Baetica had their seats at Gades, Cobduba, Astioi, and Hisfaus, and contained 175 towns; namely, 9 co/ofiiae, 8 mtwii-
- The name H, Citerior still continued to be
used ; and so, though less commonly, was that of I{. Ulterior, sometimes in its old sense (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), and sometimes for Baetica alone. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 2, where both senses occur at once : ** Ulterior ap- pellata, eadein Baetica .... Ulterior In duas, per lon- gitudinem, provincias dividitur." Perhaps, however, the first wwds <mly mean that the first land of Eu- rope begins with H. Ulterior or H. Baetica, without positively implying the full equivalence of the names.)
