with debts that crippled him for many years. In April 1862 he retired from the 'Dial,' and became editor of the 'Weekly Review,' the organ of the English presbyterian church. This he resigned in 1865, because his views on inspiration were held to be unsound, and be declined any further editorial responsibilities. But he became a regular leader writer for the 'Christian World,' under the editorship of James Clarke. For more than twenty years his peculiar combination of broad-minded progressive liberalism with earnest and eager evangelicalism gave a distinct colour to the religious, social, political, and literary teaching of this influential paper. He found here the main work of his life; but wrote independently much on the history of England in the seventeenth century, many essays in literary criticism, and a biography of Martin Luther. He also contributed occasionally to the 'Nonconformist,' the 'Spectator,' and other weekly papers, as well as to the leading reviews, notably the 'Contemporary Review,' the 'Fortnightly,' the 'British Quarterly,' the 'London Quarterly,' and 'Fraser's Magazine.' In 1879 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Aberdeen University. He died at Norwood on 10 Feb. 1896, and is buried in Harlington churchyard, Middlesex, where he resided during the earlier half of his London career. He was thrice married, but had issue only by his first wife, who died in childbirth in 1865, leaving him with three sons and two daughters. His second wife, Anna Katharine, daughter of Herbert Mayo of Oakhill, Hampstead, whom he married in 1869, died in 1882 after a life of devotion to the welfare of his children. His third wife became insane towards the end of 1895, and grief on this account contributed to his own death.
Besides many uncollected magazine articles, several pamphlets, and part of the fourth volume of the 'National History of England' (1877), Bayne's chief works are:
- 'The Christian Life, Social and Individual,' Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo; Boston, 1857; new edit. London, 1859.
- 'Essays, Biographical, Critical, and Miscellaneous,' Edinburgh, 1859, 8vo. These were also published in Boston, Massachusetts, in two volumes.
- 'The Testimony of Christ to Christianity,' London, 1862, 8vo.
- 'Life and Letters of Hugh Miller,' London, 1871, 2 vols. 8vo.
- 'The Days of Jezebel: an historical drama,' London, 1872, 8vo.
- 'Emma Cheyne: a Prose Idyll of English Life,' 1875 (published under the pseudonym of Ellis Brandt).
- 'The Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution,' London, 1878, 8vo.
- 'Lessons from my Masters—Carlyle, Tennyson, and Ruskin,' London, 1879, 8vo.
- 'Two Great Englishwomen: Mrs. Browning and Charlotte Bronte, with an Essay on Poetry,' London, 1881, 8vo. Most of the essays in 8 and 9 appeared originally in the 'Literary World.'
- 'Martin Luther: his Life and Work,' London, 1887, 8vo.
- 'The Free Church of Scotland: her Origin, Founders, and Testimony,' Edinburgh, 1893; 2nd edit. 1894.
He also wrote an essay on 'English Puritanism; its Character and History,' prefixed to Gould's 'Documents relating to the Settlement of the Church of England,' 1862 [see Gould, George].
[Men of the Time, 1875; Dial, especially issues of 7 Jan. 1860, 4 Oct. 1861, and 17 April 1862; private information.]
BAYNES, THOMAS SPENCER (1823–1887), philosopher and man of letters, was born at Wellington, Somerset, 24 March 1823, and was the son of Joseph Baynes, pastor of the baptist congregation in the town. His mother, whose maiden name was Ash, was a descendant of Dr. John Ash [q. v.], the lexicographer. As a boy he was chiefly educated at Bath, and after a brief trial of a commercial life, for which he had no taste, entered the baptist college at Bristol to prepare for the ministry. A two years' course of study there awoke ambition for a wider culture, and after matriculating at the university of London he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he studied for five years. In 1846 he gained the prize for an essay on logic in the class of Sir William Hamilton [q. v.], and soon became Hamilton's favourite pupil and warm champion, and afterwards contributed valuable reminiscences of him to Veitch's biography. In 1850 he graduated at the university of London, and, returning to Edinburgh, became a teacher of philosophy at the Philosophical Institution, and subsequently assisted in conducting Hamilton's class, the professor, though intellectually as competent as ever, being partly disabled by the effects of a paralytic stroke, which impeded articulation. In 1850 he published his prize essay under the title of 'Essay on the New Analytic of Logical Forms,' described by Mr. Keynes as 'the authoritative exposition of Hamilton's doctrines,' and in 1851 translated Arnauld's 'Port Royal Logic' These introduced him to many of the leading thinkers of the period, especially to G. H. Lewes, who enlisted him as a contributor to the 'Leader,' and took him to see Carlyle, of whose conversation he has left a lively account in the 'Athenæum' for
