to the notice of the practitioners of this country many valuable drugs from America, among which may especially be mentioned podophyllin (see Lancet, 1862, i. 209, 286, 418). He wrote in various medical periodicals, belonged to the Chemical and Ethnological Societies of London, and in 1860 became, by examination, licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. He died in Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill, London, 14 Nov. 1880. He was a truly religious man, as appears from his principal work, entitled ‘The Great Physician; the Connexion of Diseases and Remedies with the Truths of Revelation,’ London, 8vo, 1843. With the exception of the last chapter, which contains a brief history of epidemic diseases or pestilences, the subject-matter of the volume is entirely theological, written from the standpoint of the well-known ‘Bridgewater Treatises.’ It was favourably noticed in some of the religious journals of the day, but the sale was not sufficient to encourage him to publish the second part of the work, which was to have consisted of medical matters. Among his other works may be mentioned: 1. ‘Household Medicine,’ 9th edition, 1878. 2. ‘Longevity; the Means of Prolonging Life after Middle Age,’ 5th edition, 1878. 3. ‘Hymns for the Sick and Convalescent,’ 2nd edition, 1879. In 1832 Gardner married Miss Julia Emily Moss, who survived him, and in 1881 wrote a little book on ‘Marriage and Maternity.’ By her he had a large family.
[Medical Directory, &c.; personal knowledge; information from his son, the Rev. Dr. D. M. Gardner.]
GARDNER, THOMAS (1690?–1769), historian of Dunwich, was ‘salt officer’ and deputy comptroller of the port of Southwold, Suffolk. He was an intelligent antiquary, made numerous local discoveries, and died possessed of large collections, of which the coins formed the most valuable portion. In 1745 he exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries ‘A true and exact platt, containing the boundaries of the town of Dunwich, and the entries of certain records and evidences, and some things now in variance made the 14th of March 1589, by Ralph Agas’ [q. v.] (Gough, British Topography, ii. 249). After much difficulty, occasioned by the loss of most of the town's records, Gardner published by subscription ‘An Historical Account of Dunwich, antiently a city, now a borough; Blithburgh, formerly a town of note, now a village; Southwold, once a village, now a Town-corporate; with remarks on some places contiguous thereto. … Illustrated with copperplates,’ 4to, London, 1754. Prefixed to some copies is a modernised version of Agas's plan by Joshua Kirby. Agas's report of the state of the town and harbour referred to above is printed from the original manuscript then in Gardner's possession at pp. 20–2. Gardner died 30 March 1769, aged 79 (Gent. Mag. xxxix. 215), and was buried in Southwold churchyard near the south aisle, between his two wives Rachel and Mary, with the following inscription:—
Betwixt honour and virtue here doth lie
The remains of old antiquity.
(Addit. MS. 19082, f. 305). Mackenzie Walcott erroneously says ‘his quaint epitaph records thus the names of his two wives’ (East Coast of England, p. 47; cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 265–6). It refers to the lines on their tombs.
[Authorities as above.]
GARDNER, WILLIAM (1844–1887), inventor of the Gardner gun, a native of Ohio, U.S.A., afterwards resided in England, where most of his inventions were developed. Possessing a strong mechanical bent he early abandoned the study of the law to carry out certain improvements in firearms. About 1870 he submitted to the British military authorities a magazine pistol, which was not approved. In 1876 he perfected the machine gun which bears his name, and which after long competitive trials was introduced into the British service five years later. Various improvements in firearms, &c., patented by him in the United Kingdom appear in the Patent Lists for 1882–4. Shortly before his death ‘Captain’ Gardner, as he was called, had perfected an improved quick-firing cannon. He died suddenly at Henley Lodge, St. Leonards-on-Sea, 20 Jan. 1887, aged 43.
[Information furnished by the general agent, Gardner Gun Co. (Lim.), London.]
GARDNER, WILLIAM LINNÆUS (1770–1835), Indian officer, was eldest son of Major Valentine Gardner, 16th foot. The father was elder brother of Alan, first lord Gardner [q. v.], and was with the 16th foot during its service in America from 1767 to 1782. Gardner's mother was his father's first wife, Alicia, third daughter of Colonel Livingstone of Livingstone Manor, New York. He was brought up in France, and when a boy was gazetted ensign in the old 89th foot, 7 March 1783, and placed on half-pay of the regiment on its disbandment some weeks later. He was brought on full-pay as ensign in the 74th highlanders in India, 6 March 1789, and promoted to a lieutenancy in the 52nd foot in India in October the same year. The regi-
