Windsor Great Park; and when, in 1766, he attained his majority, he was created Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn and Earl of Dublin. In the year following he was nominated a privy councillor and K.G.
His life was always irregular. In 1770 his brothers had to assist him in finding 10,000l., which Richard Grosvenor, first earl Grosvenor [q. v.], recovered against, him for having criminal conversation with the Countess Grosvenor. In 1771 he completely alienated the king by marrying Anne, daughter of Lord Irnham (afterwards Earl of Carhampton) and widow of Andrew Horton of Catton in Derbyshire, clandestinely at the bride's house in Mayfair. Mrs. Horton was the sister of Lieutenant-colonel Luttrell, the opponent of Wilkes, and the notoriety of the affair induced Junius, if the letter signed 'Cumbriensis' be his, to congratulate the parties concerned in no very delicate terms. It is not absolutely certain that this marriage was the first he had contracted, as a lady named Olive Wilmot was alleged to be his wife, and a claim to the dignity of a princess was advanced in 1868 by an Olive Wilmot, a supposed descendant of the marriage, but the suit was not proceeded with. The Duke of Cumberland's marriage, combined with the sudden acknowledgment in 1772 by his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, that he had been married to the Dowager Countess of Waldegrave since 1766, led the king to plan the Royal Marriage Act, which was carried in 1772.
Cumberland, henceforth avoided by the king's friends, had to fall back upon the society of his wife's relations. His mother, when dying, wished to reconcile the brothers, but George III would not give way, and the duke, according to Walpole, was not allowed to see her. However, the duke's influence over the young Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV) was so marked that the king tried to become more intimate; but in 1781 he complained to the Duke of Gloucester that when he went hunting with the duke and the young prince, neither of them would speak to him. Cumberland died, without issue, 18 Sept. 1790, at Cumberland House, Pall Mall. His body lay in state and was buried in the royal vault in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster. His widow lived until 1803, and was allowed by the king to keep Cumberland Lodge in Windsor Park until her death. Portraits of the duke and duchess by Gainsborough are in the dining-room at Buckingham Palace.
Although coarse and brutal in his everyday life, the Duke of Cumberland was not without taste. He was fond of music, and a patron of Mrs. Billington; after his death, both his collection of musical instruments and library were sold by auction.
[Last Journals of Horace Walpole, i. 16, 29, &c.; Walpole's Letters, v. 347 ; Foster's Peerage, 1882, vol. xcix.; Wraxall's Memoirs, iv. 321; Jesse's Memoirs of the Life and Reign of George III, passim; Papendick's Court and Private Life in the Time of Queen Charlotte, &c, ed. 1887. ii. 239, &c.; Letters of Junius, ed. Wade. ii. 387; Lecky's Hist. of Engl. in the Eighteenth Cent.; Macaulay's Essays, ed. 1880, p. 772; Jameson's Private Picture Galleries, p. 70; London Gazette. 1790, pp. 573, 593, 597; Era, 12 July 1868, p. 6.]
HENRY BENEDICT MARIA CLEMENT, Cardinal York, styled by the Jacobites Henry IX (1725-1807), second son of the Chevalier de St. George, styled by his adherents James III [q. v.], and of the Princess Clementina, a daughter of Prince James Sobieski, was born at Rome about eleven o'clock of 5 March 1725 (Lockhart Papers, ii. 148). At an early age he took orders in the Roman church, but was known to the Jacobites as Duke of York. He is referred to by Gray the poet in 1740 (Works, ii. 89) as 'having more spirit than his elder brother,' Charles Edward [q. v.], who himself said of him: 'I know him to be a little lively, not much loving to be contradicted.' He went to Dunkirk in 1745 to join the troops assembling in his brother's support. 'A Genuine intercepted Letter from Father Patrick Graham, Almoner and Confessor to the Pretender's son in Scotland, to Father Benedict Yorke, Titular Bishop of St. David's at Bath,' was published by authority in the same year, and shows that Henry Benedict came to England to take part in the rebellion (cf. Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xi. 477). Soon returning to Italy, he was made bishop of Ostia, Velletro, and Frascati, vice-chancellor of the Roman church, archpriest of the Basilica of the Vatican, and prefect of the Fabric of St. Peters. On 3 July 1747 he was created cardinal by Benedict XIV, an event which had a prejudicial effect on the support accorded to the Jacobite cause in England and Scotland. Horace Mann relates that the Cardinal York, or of York (as he was called from his titular dukedom),' pretends to wear ermine on his cappa as a sign of royalty, and consequently to take place of Cardinal Ruffo and all the other cardinals, by whom he insists on being visited' (Doran, Mann and Manners, i. 263). On 19 Nov. 1759 he was made archbishop of Corinth by Clement XIII, and on 13 July 1761 was transferred to the bishopric of Tusculum. From this time his favourite residence was the Villa Muti at
