helped to build up the new church of the quakers. Like George Fox, Penington does not wholly denounce the use of the ‘carnal sword,’ but maintains that where it is ‘borne uprightly’ against foreign invasion or to suppress violence, its ‘use will be honourable’ (Works, 3rd edit. p. 183; see also ‘Address to the Army,’ ib. i. 330).
Besides the works already noticed, Penington published (all in London) books, broadsides, and pamphlets, of which the chief, after he joined the quakers, are (with abbreviated titles): 1. ‘The Way of Life and Death made manifest;’ a portion is by Edward Burrough and George Fox, 4to, 1658; translated into Dutch in 1661, reprinted 4to, Rotterdam, 1675. 2. ‘The Scattered Sheep sought after,’ 4to, 1659, 1665. 3. ‘The Jew Outward: being a Glasse for the Professors of this Age,’ 4to, 1659. 4. ‘To the Parliament, the Army, and all the Wel-affected in the Nation, who have been faithful to the Good Old Cause,’ 4to, 1659. 5. ‘A Question propounded to the Rulers, Teachers, and People of the Nation of England,’ 4to, 1659. 6. ‘An Examination of the Grounds or Causes which are said to induce the Court of Boston in New-England to make that Order or Law of Banishment upon Pain of Death against the Quakers,’ &c. 4to, 1660. 7. ‘Some Considerations propounded to the Jewes, that they may hear and consider,’ &c., 4to, no place or date; translated into German, entitled ‘Einige Anmerckungen vorgestellet an die Juden,’ &c., 4to, n.d. 8. ‘Some few Queries proposed to the Cavaliers,’ 4to, n.d. 9. ‘Some Queries concerning the Work of God in the World,’ 4to, 1660; reprinted the same year. 10. ‘An Answer to that Common Objection to Quakers that they condemn all but themselves,’ 4to, 1660. 11. ‘The Great Question concerning the Lawfulness or Unlawfulness of Swearing under the Gospel,’ 4to, 1661. 12. ‘Somewhat spoken to a weighty Question concerning the Magistrates Protection of the Innocent … Also a Brief Account of what the People called Quakers desire, in reference to Civil Government,’ 4to, 1661; reprinted as ‘The Doctrine of the People called Quakers in relation to bearing Arms and Fighting,’ &c., edited by Joseph Besse [q. v.], 8vo, 1746 (Salop, 8vo, 1756). 13. ‘Concerning Persecution,’ 4to, 1661. 14. ‘Concerning the Worship of the Living God,’ &c., 4to, no place or date. 15. ‘Observations on some Passages of Ludowick Muggleton … in that Book of his stiled “The Neck of the Quakers Broken,”’ 4to, 1668. 16. ‘Some Thing relating to Religion proposed to the Consideration of the Royal Society,’ 4to, 1668. 17. ‘To the Jews Natural, and to the Jews Spiritual; with a few Words to England, my Native Country,’ sm. 8vo, 1677. 18. ‘Some Sensible Weighty Queries concerning some Things very sweet and necessary to be experienced in the Truly-Christian state,’ sm. 8vo, 1677. 19. ‘The Everlasting Gospel of Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Blessed Effects thereof Testified to by experience. With a few words to England, my Native Country,’ 4to. 1678. His works, with some posthumous papers, were collected in 1681, fol. Fourteen testimonies by his friends, his wife, and son John were included. Two or three omitted pieces were given in the second edition, 2 vols. 4to, 1761. A third edition appeared in 4 vols. 8vo, 1784, and a fourth at New York, 4 vols. 1861–3. Some of Penington's letters, included in the last edition, had been already issued separately by John Kendall [q. v.], London, 1796, and again by John Barclay, London, 1828; 3rd edit. 1844. ‘Extracts’ from Penington's writings have been frequently published in England and America. ‘Selections’ were issued in ‘Barclay's Select Series,’ vol. iv., London, 1837. A manuscript collection of his ‘Works,’ in 4 vols. folio, made by his eldest son, John Penington, is preserved at Devonshire House, Bishopsgate Street, and contains many unpublished letters and addresses.
Isaac's eldest son, John Penington (1655–1710), was born in 1655 in London, and went with his brothers, after Ellwood ceased to be their tutor, to the quaker boarding-school at Waltham Abbey, kept by Christopher Taylor [q. v.] As he grew up he was much in his father's society. From 1676 to 1679 he corresponded in Latin with William Sewel [q. v.], the quaker historian of Amsterdam (The Quarterly Magazine … for … the Society of Friends, 1832, pp. 117–19). On his mother's death in 1682 he inherited her house at Amersham and her property in Kent. He engaged in the controversy with George Keith (1630?–1716) [q. v.], and was summoned by Keith to Turners' Hall, London, on 11 June 1696, when a famous dispute took place with the quakers. He died unmarried on 8 May 1710, and was buried in Jordans burial-ground, Chalfont St. Peter. Besides copying out all his father's works and issuing tracts (1695–7) against Keith, Penington wrote a ‘Complaint’ (1681) in reply to ‘The Christian Quaker’ of William Rogers [q. v.], who had attacked both his father and mother; and when Rogers defended his position in a ‘Sixth part of the Christian Quaker,’ &c. (London, 1681), Penington retorted in ‘Exceptions against Will. Rogers's Cavills,’ London, 4to, 1680.
