remained a member of the institute up to the time of his death. He was raised to the rank of rear-admiral on the retired list in 1885. He died at Deal on 30 Sept. 1886, in his sixty-first year, and a brass tablet and window were placed in his memory at the west end of the church of the Seamen's Institute, Bristol, by the pilots of the British empire and the United States of America in 1888. He was a true-hearted sailor of the old school—brave, generous, and unselfish. Pim married, on 3 Oct. 1861, Susanna, daughter of Henry Locock of Blackheath, Kent, by whom he had two sons.
His published works include: 1. ‘An Earnest Appeal … on Behalf of the Missing Arctic Expedition,’ 1857; 5th edit. same year. 2. ‘Notes on Cherbourg,’ with map, 1858. 3. ‘The Gate of the Pacific,’ 1863. 4. ‘The Negro and Jamaica,’ 1866 (special No. of ‘Popular Magazine of Anthropology’). 5. ‘Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua,’ &c., 1869 (in conjunction with Berthold Seemann). 6. ‘An Essay on Feudal Tenures,’ 1871. 7. ‘War Chronicle: with Memoirs of the Emperor Napoleon III and of Emperor-king William I,’ 1873. 8. ‘The Eastern Question, Past, Present, and Future,’ 1877–8. 9. ‘Gems from Greenwich Hospital,’ 1881. He also contributed an article on shipbuilding to Bevan's ‘British Manufacturing Industries,’ 1876.
[Family papers; Foster's Men at the Bar, 1885; McDougall's Voyage of H.M.S. Resolute, 1853; Osborn's Discovery of the North-west Passage, 1856; Seemann's Voyage of H.M.S. Herald, 1853; Arctic Expedition Papers (Blue-books), 1852–4; Inst. Civil Engineers Proc. 1861, vol. xx.; Roy. Geogr. Soc. Journal, vol. xxii. p. lxxiv, 1852, and Proceedings, 1857 and 1862; Times, 10, 14, 19, and 25 Nov. 1851, 13 Jan. 1852; United Service Mag. 1856, pp. 57, 58, 61, 68.]
PINCHBECK, CHRISTOPHER (1670?–1732), clockmaker, and inventor of the copper and zinc alloy called after his name, was born about 1670, probably in Clerkenwell, London. The family doubtless sprang from a small town called Pinchbeck in Lincolnshire. In ‘Applebee's Weekly Journal,’ 8 July 1721, it was announced ‘that Christopher Pinchbeck, inventor and maker of the famous astronomico-musical clocks, is removed from St. George's Court [now Albion Place], St. Jones's Lane [i.e. St. John's Lane], to the sign of the “Astronomico-Musical Clock” in Fleet Street, near the Leg Tavern. He maketh and selleth watches of all sorts, and clocks, as well plain, for the exact indication of time only, as astronomical, for showing the various motions and phenomena of planets and fixed stars.’ Mention is also made of musical automata, in imitation of singing birds, and barrel-organs for churches as among Pinchbeck's manufactures. The advertisement is surmounted by a woodcut representing an astronomical clock of elaborate construction with several dials.
Pinchbeck was in the habit of exhibiting collections of his automata at fairs, sometimes in conjunction with a juggler named Fawkes, and he entitled his stall the ‘Temple of the Muses,’ ‘Grand Theatre of the Muses,’ or ‘Multum in Parvo.’ The ‘Daily Journal,’ 27 Aug. 1729, announced that the Prince and Princess of Wales went to Bartholomew Fair to see his exhibition (cf. advertisements in Daily Post, 12 June 1729, and Daily Journal, 22 and 23 Aug. 1729). There is a large broadside in the British Museum Library (1850, c. 10, 71), headed ‘Multum in Parvo,’ relating to Pinchbeck's exhibition, with a blank left for the place and date, evidently intended for use as a poster. The collection of satirical prints and drawings in the print room (No. 2537) contains an engraving representing a fair, and over one of the booths is the name ‘Pinchbeck.’ His clocks are referred to in George Vertue's ‘Diary’ for 1732 (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 81). No contemporary mention of his invention of the metal called after him has been discovered.
He died on 18 Nov. 1732, and was buried on the 21st in St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Street (cf. Gent. Mag. 1732, p. 1083). There is an engraved portrait by I. Faber, after a painting by Isaac Whood, a reproduction of which appears in Britten's ‘Former Clock and Watch Makers’ (p. 122). His will, dated 10 Nov. 1732, was proved in London on 18 Nov.
Edward Pinchbeck (fl. 1732), eldest son of Christopher, was born in 1713, and succeeded to his father's business, as appears by an advertisement in the ‘Daily Post,’ 27 Nov. 1732, in which it is notified ‘that the toys made of the late ingenious Mr. Pinchbeck's curious metal … are now sold only by his son and sole executor, Mr. Edward Pinchbeck.’ This settles the question as to the invention of pinchbeck, which is sometimes attributed to Christopher Pinchbeck, jun. Another of Edward Pinchbeck's long advertisements appears in the ‘Daily Post,’ 11 July 1733. Both indicate the great variety of articles in which he dealt. He was baptised at St. Dunstan's Church, Fleet Street, on 7 April 1738, when his age was twenty-five, but the date of his death is not recorded.
Christopher (1710?–1783), second son of Christopher Pinchbeck the elder, was born about 1710, and possessed great mechanical
