forces were surprised at St. Neots by Colonel Scroope, and Holland was sent prisoner to Warwick Castle (Clarendon, Rebellion, xi. 102; Gardiner, Great Civil War, iv. 158). On 18 Nov. the two houses agreed that he and six others should be punished by banishment, but the army resolved that the authors of the second civil war should not be allowed to escape, and on 3 Feb. 1649 a high court of justice was erected to try Holland and other culprits. The proceedings opened on 10 Feb.; Holland pleaded that his captor had given him quarter for life, but his plea having been overruled by the court, he was sentenced to death 6 March. Fairfax interceded for Holland, and Warwick used all his influence to save his life; nevertheless, the parliament by 31 to 30 votes refused to reprieve him (Lords' Journals, x. 596; Commons' Journals, vi. 131, 159; Report on the Duke of Portland's MSS. i. 478, 512; State Trials). On 9 March he was beheaded in company with the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Capel. On the scaffold Holland made a long and rambling speech, protesting his fidelity to the protestant religion and to parliaments, and the innocency of his intentions in his late attempt. ‘God be praised, although my blood comes to be shed here, there was scarcely a drop of blood shed in that action I was engaged in’ (The Several Speeches of Duke Hamilton, Henry, Earl of Holland, and Arthur, Lord Capel, 1649, 4to, p. 19). Clarendon sums up his career by saying: ‘He was a very well-bred man, and a fine gentleman in good times; but too much desired to enjoy ease and plenty when the king could have neither, and did think poverty the most insupportable evil that could befall any man in this world’ (Rebellion, xi. 263).
Holland left a son Robert, who became in 1673 fifth Earl of Warwick. Of his daughters, Isabella married Sir James Thynne (cf. Carte, Life of Ormonde, iv. 701); Frances married William, lord Paget; Mary married John Campbell, third earl of Breadalbane [q. v.]; Susannah, James Howard, third earl of Suffolk [q. v.]
A doubtful portrait of Holland was No. 95 in the Vandyck exhibition of 1886. Engraved portraits are contained in ‘Tragicum Theatrum Londini celebratum,’ 1649, 12mo (p. 232), and in Houbraken's ‘Heads of Illustrious Persons.’
[Doyle's Official Baronage, ii. 207–9; other authorities mentioned in the article.]
RICH, JEREMIAH (d. 1660?), stenographer, was probably of good family, as he dedicated his ‘Semigraphy’ to ‘The Rt. Hon. the Lady Mary Rich,’ and in the preface he says: ‘It will be welcome, and especially to your Ladyship, because you have spent some houres in the knowledge thereof when I was in the family,’ doubtless as a tutor. His uncle, William Cartwright, taught him shorthand, and he became an eminent practitioner of the art. John Lilburne offered to give Rich a certificate, under his own hand, that he took down his trial at the Old Bailey with the greatest exactness. In 1646 Rich was living ‘in St. Olives parish in Southwark, at one Mris Williams, a midwife,’ and in 1659 he occupied a house called the Golden Ball in Swithin's Lane, near London Stone. He probably died in or soon after 1660.
The first work issued by him is entitled: ‘Semography, or Short and Swift Writing, being the most easiest, exactest, and speediest Method of all others that have beene yet Extant. … Invented and Composed for the Benefit of others by the Author hereof William Cartwright, and is now set forth and published by his Nephew, Ieremiah Rich, immediate next to the Author deceased,’ London, 1642, 16mo. It will be observed that Rich made no pretence that he was the inventor of the system, and in the preface he states: ‘Now as for my commending of the worke, I know not why any man should expect it seeing it is my owne; for although I am not father to it, yet I am the right heire, for my uncle dying left it to me only.’ Rich, however, makes no allusion to his uncle Cartwright in the next book he published only four years later, under the title of ‘Charactery, or a most easie and exact Method of Short and Swift Writing. … Invented and exactly composed by Jeremiah Rich,’ London, 1646. In other books published by him he claims the merit of being the sole author and inventor of the system, viz. in ‘Semigraphy or Arts Rarity,’ London, 1654, 16mo; in ‘The Penns Dexterity,’ London, 1659; and in ‘The World's Rarity,’ published before 1660. Hence the fact that Cartwright was the original inventor of the system called after Rich's name has been obscured. It was entirely overlooked by Philip Gibbs, the earliest shorthand historian, and the recognition of Cartwright's claims is due to a communication made to the ‘Athenæum’ in 1880 by Mr. Edward Pocknell.
The first edition of the Cartwright-Rich system, which appeared after Rich's death, bears the curious title: ‘The Pens Dexterity Compleated, or Mr. Riches Short-hand now perfectly taught, which in his Lifetime was never done by anything made publique in
