ally, through a change of administration, he was cashiered in March 1838, and he returned to England in January 1839, with very slender means, heavy claims for arrears of pay remaining unsettled. He then endeavoured to improve his circumstances by literary pursuits. After living in the neighbourhood of Manchester, he removed to London about 1846, and died in great indigence in lodgings at 357 Strand on 22 April 1849, aged 59.
Sutcliffe published: 1. ‘The Earthquake at Juan Fernandez, as it occurred in the year 1835,’ Manchester, 1839. 2. ‘Foreign Loans, or Information to all connected with the Republic of Chili, comprising the Epoch from 1822 to 1839,’ Manchester, 1840. 3. ‘Sixteen Years in Chile and Peru, from 1822 to 1839,’ London, 1841. 4. ‘Crusoniana; or Truth versus Fiction, elucidated in a History of the Islands of Juan Fernandez,’ Manchester, 1843. 5. ‘An Exposition of Facts relating to the Rise and Progress of the Woollen, Linen, and Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain,’ Manchester, 1843. 6. ‘A Testimonial in behalf of Merit neglected and Genius unrewarded, and Record of the Services of one of England's greatest Benefactors,’ London, 1847. The last two works were published with the object of obtaining public support for the descendants of John Kay, an aim for which he laboured unsuccessfully for several years. He also published lithographed portraits of John Kay and John Greenhalgh, governor of the Isle of Man, 1640–51, as well as a pedigree of the Greenhalghs of Brandlesome.
[Sutcliffe's works; Gent. Mag. 1849, ii. 102; Strauss's Remin. of an Old Bohemian, 1883, p. 172; Mulhall's English in South America, p. 246.]
SUTHERLAND, Dukes of. [See Leveson-Gower, George Granville, first duke, 1758-1833; Leveson-Gower, George Granville William Sutherland, 1828-1892, under first duke.]
SUTHERLAND, Duchess of. [See Leveson-Gower, Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana, 1806-1868.]
SUTHERLAND, Earls of. [See Gordon, John, tenth or eleventh earl, 1526?-1567; Gordon, John, fifteenth or sixteenth earl, 1660?-1733.]
SUTHERLAND, JOHN (1808–1891), promoter of sanitary science, was born in Edinburgh in December 1808, and educated at the High School. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1827, and graduated M.D. at the university in 1831. After spending much time on the continent he practised for a short period in Liverpool, where he edited ‘The Liverpool Health of Towns' Advocate’ in 1846. In 1848, at the request of the Earl of Carlisle, he entered the public service as an inspector under the first board of health. He conducted several special inquiries, notably one into the cholera epidemic of 1848–9 (Parl. Papers, 1850 No. 1273, 1852 No. 1523). He was the head of a commission sent to foreign countries to inquire into the law and practice of burial, and he went to the Paris conference on quarantine law in 1851–2, when Louis Napoleon presented him with a gold medal.
In 1855 he was engaged at the home office in bringing into operation the act for abolishing intramural interments (ib. 1856, No. 146). He was also doing duty in the reorganised general board of health when, at the request of Lord Palmerston and Lord Panmure, he became the head of the commission sent to the Crimea to inquire into the sanitary condition of the English soldiers. On 25 Aug. 1855 he came to England for consultation, and was summoned to Balmoral to inform the queen of the steps that had been taken for the benefit of the troops.
He took an active part in the preparation of the report of the royal commission on the health of the army dated 1858 (ib. 1857–58, No. 2318), and also of the report on the state of the army in India, dated 19 May 1863 (ib. 1863, No. 3184). Both reports were of vast importance to the welfare of the soldiers, and most of Sutherland's recommendations were carried out. One of these was the appointment of the barrack and hospital improvement commission, with Sidney Herbert as president and Captain (afterwards Sir Douglas) Galton, Dr. Burrell of the army medical department, and Sutherland as members. This committee visited every barrack and hospital in the United Kingdom, and the sanitary arrangements of each were reported on. Defects were brought to light and remedied, and the health of the troops consequently improved (ib. 1861, No. 2839). Subsequently Dr. Sutherland and Captain Galton visited and made reports on the Mediterranean stations, including the Ionian Islands (ib. 1863, No. 3207).
In 1862 the barrack and hospital improvement commission was reconstituted with the quartermaster-general as president and Sutherland as a prominent member. The title was altered to the army sanitary committee in 1865 (ib. 1865, No. 424). Two Indian officers were added, and all sanitary
