south-west of Cawnpore, and two days later he there fought a successful action against the centre division of the Gwalior troops under Tantia Topi, three thousand men, with six heavy guns, three of which were captured. After this successful action Windham marched back and took up a position from which he hoped to be able to cover Cawnpore against the attack of the combined forces of the three bodies of the Gwalior troops. Two days of severe fighting followed, in which he was forced back through the town of Cawnpore and lost his baggage, but held safely the bridge and entrenchment. The reason why he was not successful in protecting the town has never been generally known. It lies in the circumstance that one of his subordinate commanders seriously failed in his duty. Windham treated the offender with remarkable generosity, and it was not until several days later that the circumstance came to the knowledge of Sir Colin Campbell, who had meanwhile omitted all mention of Windham and his troops in his despatch of 2 Dec. 1857 describing the operations. This omission was repaired to a certain extent by a private letter from Sir Colin Campbell to H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge (published in ‘The Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles Windham’); but the public slight was never publicly withdrawn, nor was Windham again entrusted with a command in the field.
On the termination of the operations about Cawnpore, Windham was directed to leave the field army and to assume command of the Lahore division, to which he had been transferred. He remained in command at Lahore until March 1861, when he returned to England.
In June 1861 Windham was appointed colonel of the 46th regiment, and on 5 Feb. 1863 he became a lieutenant-general. In 1865 he received the honour of K.C.B., and on 3 Oct. 1867 was appointed to the command of the forces in Canada, which appointment he held until his death at Jacksonville in Florida on 2 Feb. 1870.
Windham married, first, in 1849, Marianne Catherine Emily, daughter of Admiral Sir John Beresford; and secondly, in 1866, Charlotte Jane, sister of Sir Charles Des Vœux, bart. His eldest surviving son, Captain Charles Windham, R.N., was born in 1851.
[The Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles Windham, ed. Pearse, 1897; Official Records and Despatches; Adye's Cawnpore; Shadwell's Life of Clyde, 1887, ii. 24–30; Lord Roberts's Forty-one Years in India, 1897, i. 361–9, 377–80; Times, war correspondence (Sir W. H. Russell).]
WINDHAM, JOSEPH (1739–1810), antiquary, born at Twickenham on 21 Aug. 1739, at a house which was afterwards the residence of Richard Owen Cambridge [q. v.], was related to the Windham family of Norfolk. He was educated at Eton, proceeding to Christ's College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. In 1769 he returned from a prolonged tour through France, Italy, Istria, and Switzerland. He had a strong interest in matters connected with art, was well read in classical and mediæval writers, and made numerous drawings both of natural objects and of antiquities. He was also an excellent Italian scholar. While residing in Rome he made many sketches and plans of the baths, which he presented to Charles Cameron, by whom they were published in 1772 in his work on the ‘Baths of the Romans’ (London, fol.) Windham contributed a considerable part of the letterpress of the work as well as most of the letterpress of the second volume of ‘Antiquities of Ionia,’ published in 1797 by the Society of Dilettanti. He also assisted James Stuart (1713–1788) [q. v.] in the second volume of his ‘Antiquities of Athens.’ Windham was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 6 April 1775, and of the Royal Society on 8 Nov. 1781. He was also elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti in 1779. He possessed some knowledge of natural history, and acquired one of the best antiquarian libraries in the country. He died at Earsham House, Norfolk, on 21 Sept. 1810. He married, in 1769, Charlotte, daughter of Sir William de Grey, first baron Walsingham [q. v.] Windham's only publication in his own name was ‘Observations upon a Passage in Pliny's Natural History, relating to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus,’ which appeared in ‘Archæologia’ (vol. vi.).
[Gent. Mag. 1810, ii. 390, 488–90; Hist. Notices of the Soc. of Dilettanti, 1855; Cust's History of the Society of Dilettanti, 1898, passim.]
WINDHAM, WILLIAM (1750–1810), statesman, came of an old Norfolk family settled at Felbrigg, near Cromer, since the fifteenth century, whose name was the same originally as that of the town of Wymondham.
His father, Colonel William Windham (1717–1761), son of William Windham, M.P. for Sudbury 1722–7 and for Aldeburgh 1727 until his death in 1730, possessed distinguished military talent. Disputes with his father had caused him to live much on the continent. He travelled with Richard Pococke [q. v.] in Switzerland in 1741, and his ‘Letter from
