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PEAKS AND PASSES]
ALPS
747


division includes the Adamello, Presanella, Brenta and Bergamasque ranges.

Chief Peaks of the Lombard Alps.
Presanella 11,694  Pizzo del Diavolo  9,564
Adamello 11,661 Rè di Castello  9,482
Carè Alto 11,369 Recastello  9,475
Dosson di Genova 11,254 Monte Gleno  9,459
Crozzon di Lares 11,004 Monte Tornello  8,819
Corno di Baitone 10,929 Corno Stella  8,596
Busazza 10,922 Monte Legnone  8,563
Lobliia Alta 10,486 Pizzo dei Tre Signori  8,380
Cima Tosa (Brenta) 10,420 Pizzo di Presolana  8,239
Cima di Brenta 10,352 Grigna  7,907
Crozzon di Brenta 10,247 Monte Baldo  7,218
Pizzo di Coca (Bergamasque) 10,014 Monte Spinale  7,094
Pizzo di Scais  9,974 Monte Gazza  6,529
Pizzo di Redorta  9,964 Monte Resegone  6,155
Pietra Grande  9,630
Chief Passes of the Lombard Alps.
Passo di Lares (Lares Glacier to the Lobbia Glacier), snow 10,483
Passo di Cercen (gal di Genova to Fucine), snow  9,984
Passo della Lobbia Alta (Lobbia Glacier to the Mandron (Glacier), snow  9,961
Passo di Presena (Val di Genova to the Tonale Pass), snow  9,879
Pisgana Pass (Val di Genova to Ponte di Legno), snow  9,626
Bocca di Tuckett (Campiglio to Molveno), snow  8,714
Passo di Val Morta or del Diavolo (Val Seriana to Sondrio), foot path  8,534
Bocca di Brenta (Pinzolo or Campiglio to Molveno), snow  8,376
Passo del Grostè (Campiglio to Cles), foot path  8,006
Passo di Veniua (kal Brembana to Sondrio), foot path  7,983
Passo del Salto (Val Seriana to Sondrio), foot path  7,937
Passo del Venerocolo (Val di Scalve to the Aprica road), bridle path  7,595
Passo della Forcellina or di Campo (Cedegolo to the Val di Fomo), foot path  7,507
Passo di Idordona (Val Brembana to Sondrio), foot path  6,824
Passo di San Marco (Bergamo to Morbegno), bridle path  6,513
Croce Domini Pass (Breno to Bagolino in Val Caffaro), bridle path  6,217
Tonale Tass (Trent to Edolo), carriage road  6,181
Passo di Zovetto (Val di Scalve to Edolo), bridle path  5,968
Colle Maniva (Val Trompia to Bagolino), bridle path  5,476
Campo or Ginevriė Pass (Dimaro by Campiglio to Pinzolo), carriage road  5,407
Ciampenjoch (Cles to Meran), foot path  5,051
Mendel Pass (Botzen to Cles), railway on the Eslope  4,462
Passo di Castione or Presolana Pass (Clusone to the Val di
Scalve), carriage road
 4,219
Aprica Pass (Edolo to Tirano), carriage road  3,875

17. The Dolomites of South Tirol (from the Brenner Pass to the Monte Croce Pass, and south of the Pusterthal).

Chief Peaks of the Dolomites of South Tirol.
Marmolata 10,972  Pala di San Martino 9,831
Antelao 10,706 Rosengartenspitze 9,781
Tofana di Mezzo 10,633 Marmarole 9,715
Sorapiss 10,594 Cima di Fradusta 9,649
Monte Civetta 10,564 Fermedathurm 9,407
Vernel 10,319 Cima d’Asta 9,344
Monte Cristallo 10,496 Cima di Canali 9,338
Cima di Vezzana 10,470 Croda Grande 9,315
Cimon della Pala 10,453 Vajoletthurm (highest) 9,256
Langkofel 10,427 Sass Maor 9,239
Pelmo 10,397 Cima di Ball 9,131
Dreischusterspitze 10,375 Cima della Madonna (Sass Maor)  9,026
Boëspitze 10,342 Rosetta 8,993
Croda Rossa (Hoher Caisl) 10,329 Croda da Lago 8,911
Piz Popena 10,312 Central Grasleitenspitze 8,875
Elferkofel 10,220 Schlern 8,406
Grohmannspitze 10,207 Sasso di Mur 8,380
Zwölferkofel 10,142 Cima delle Dodici 7,671
Sass Rigais (Geislerspitzen)  9,932 Monte Pavione 7,664
Drei Zinnen  9,853 Cima di Posta 7,333
Kesselkogel (Rosengarten)  9,846 Monte Pasubio 7,323
Fünffingerspitze  9,833
Chief Passes of the Dolomites of South Tirol.
Passo d’ Ombretta (Campitello to Caprile), foot path 8,983
Langhofeljoch (Gröden Valley to Campirello), foot path 8,803
Tschagerjoch (Karersee to the Vajolet Glen), foot path 8,675
Crasleiten Pass (Vaiolet Glen to thegrasleiten Glen), foot path 8,521
Passo di Pravitale (Rosetta Plateau to the Pravitale Glen), foot path 8,465
Passo delle Comelle (same to Cencenighe), foot path 8,462
Passo della Rosetta (San Martino di Castrozza to the great
limestone Rosetta plateau), foot path 8,442
Vajolet Pass (Tiers to the Vajolet Glen), foot path 8,363
Passo di Canali (Primiero to Agordo), foot path 8,193
Tiersalpljöchl (Campitello to Tiers), foot path 8,055
Passo di Ball (San Martino di Castrozza to the Pravitale Glen), footpath 8,038
Forcella di Giralba (Sexte11 to Auronzo), foot path 7,992
Col dei Bos (Falzarego Glen to the Travernanzes Glen), foot path 7,589
Forcella Grande (San Vito to Auronzo), foot path 7,422
Pordoi Pass (Caprile to Campitello), carriage road 7,382
Sellajoch (Gröden Glen to Camphello), bridle path 7,277
Tre Sassi Pass (Cortina to St Cassian), foot path 7,215
Mahlknechtjoch (Upper Duron Glen to the Seiser Alp), foot path 7,113
Grödenerjoch (Gröden Glen to Colfuschg), bridle path 7,011
Falzarego Pass (Caprile to Cortina), small carriage road 6,946
Fedaja Pass (Campitello to Caprile), bridle path 6,713
Passo di Valles (Paneveggio to Cencenighe), foot path 6,667
Rolle Pass (Predazzo to San Martino di Castrozza and
Primiero), carriage road 6,509
Forcella Forada (Caprile to San Vito), bridle path 6,480
Passo di San Pellegrino (Moena to Cencenighe), small carriage, path 6,267
Forcella d’Alleghe (Alleghe to the Zoldo Glen), foot path 5,971
Tre Croci Pass (Cortina to Auronzo), carriage road 5,932
Karersee or Caressa Pass (Welschenofen to Vigo di Fassa), carriage road 5,715
Monte Croce Pass (Innichen and Sexten to the Piave Valley
and Belluno), carriage road
5,374
Ampezzo Pass (Toblach to Cortina and Belluno), carriage path 5,066
Cereda Pass (Primiero to Agordo), bridle path 4,501
Toblach Pass (Bruneck to Lienz), railway over 3,967

18. South-Eastern Alps (east of the Monte Croce Pass). This division includes three small groups, the Julic, Carnic and Karawankas Alps—each peak and pass being distinguished by one of the initial letters “J,” “C” or “K.”

Chief Peaks of the South-Eastern Alps.
Terglou or Triglav (J) 9,400  Monte Cridola (C) 8,468
Monte Coglians (C) 9,128 Grintovc (K) 8,429
Kellerwand (C) 9,105 Prestrelenik (J) 8,202
Jof del Montasio (J) 9,039 Monte Cavallo (C) 7,386
Cima dei Preti (C) 8,868 Krn (J) 7,369
Monte Paralba (C) 8,829 Stou (K) 7,346
Manhart (J) 8,786 Dobratsch (C) 7,120
Jalouc (J) 8,711 Velka Kappa (K) 5,059
Monte Canin (J) 8,471
Chief Passes of the South-Eastern Alps.
Oefnerjoch (Forno Avoltri to St Lorenzen in the Gail Valley), foot path (C) 7,550
Wolayer Pass (same to Mauthen), foot path (C) 6,306
Loibl Pass (Klagenfurt to Laibach), carriage road (K) 4,495
Plöcken Pass (Tolmezzo to Mauthen), bridle path (C) 4,462
Predil Pass (Villach by d’arvis and Flitsch to Gorz), carriage road (J) 3,183
Birnbaumerwald (Laibach to Gorz), carriage road (J) 2,897
Saifnitz or Pontebba Pass (Villach by Tarvis and Pontebba to Udine), railway  2,615

7. Political History and Modern State of the Inhabitants of the Alps.—We know practically nothing of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty accounts preserved to us by Roman and Greek historians and geographers. A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, though not much more than their names. The successive emigrations and occupation of the Alpine region by divers Teutonic tribes from the 5th to the 6th centuries are, too, known to us only in outline, while to them, as to the Frankish kings and emperors, the Alps offered a route from one place to another rather than a permanent residence. It is not till the final break up of the Carolingian empire in the 10th and 11th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of different parts of the Alps.

In the case of the Western Alps (minus the bit from the chain of Mont Blanc to the Simplon, which followed the fortunes of the Valais), a prolonged struggle for the Alpine region took place between the feudal lords of Savoy, the Dauphiné and Provence. In 1349 the Dauphiné fell to France, while in 1388 the county of Nice passed from Provence to the house of Savoy, which too held Piedmont as well as other lands on the Italian side of the Alps. The struggle henceforth was limited to France and the house of Savoy, but little by little France succeeded in pushing