Winterbourne Gunning. The “bourne” may also be a permanent “burn,” but the word is usually applied to an intermittent stream. (2) (From the Fr. borne), a boundary; the first use of the word in English is in Lord Ferrers’ translation of Forrest, 1523; the figurative meaning of limit, end or final destination comes from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, “the undiscovered country, from whose bourne no traveller returns.”
BOURNEMOUTH, a municipal and county borough and
watering-place of Hampshire, England, in the parliamentary
borough of Christchurch, 10712 m. S.W. by W. from London
by the London & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 59,762.
It is beautifully situated on Poole Bay. Considerable sandstone
cliffs rise from the sandy beach, and are scored with deep picturesque dells or chines. The town itself lies in and about the valley of the Bourne stream. Its sheltered situation and desirable
winter climate began to attract notice about 1840; in 1855 a
national sanatorium for consumptive patients was erected by
subscription; a pier was opened in 1861, and in 1870 railway
communication was afforded. The climate is remarkably
equable, being relatively warm in winter and cool in summer;
the average temperature in July is 61.7° F., and in January 40.3°.
The town contains numerous handsome buildings, including
municipal buildings, churches, various places of entertainment,
sanatoria and hospitals, a public library and a science and art
school. Its suburbs have greatly extended along the sea front,
and the beautiful chines of Boscombe, Alum and Branksome
have attracted a large number of wealthy residents. There are
piers at the town itself and at Boscombe, and the bathing is
excellent. The parks, gardens and drives are extensive and
pleasant. A service of electric tramways is maintained, notable
as being the first system installed in England with a combination
of the trolley and conduit principles of supplying current. There
are golf links in Meyrick and Queen’s parks, both laid out by the
corporation, which has in other ways studied the entertainment
of visitors. The two railway stations are the Central and West,
and through communications with the north are maintained by
the Somerset & Dorset and Midland, and the Great Western and
Great Central railways. The town, which is of wholly modern
and remarkably rapid growth (for in the middle of the 19th
century the population was less than 1000), was incorporated in
1890, and became a county borough in 1900. The corporation
consists of a mayor, 11 aldermen and 33 councillors. Area,
5769 acres.
BOURNONITE, a mineral species, a sulphantimonite of lead
and copper with the formula PbCuSbS3. It is of some interest
on account of the twinning and the beautiful development of its
crystals. It was first mentioned by Philip Rashleigh in 1797 as
“an ore of antimony,” and was more completely described by the
comte de Bournon in 1804, after whom it was named: the name
given by Bournon himself (in 1813) was endellione, since used in
the form endellionite, after the locality in Cornwall where the
mineral was first found. The crystals are orthorhombic, and are
generally tabular in habit owing to the predominance of the
basal pinacoid (c); numerous smooth bright faces are often
developed on the edges and corners of the crystals. An un-twinned
crystal is represented in fig. 1. Usually, however, the
crystals are twinned, the twin-plane being a face of the prism (m);
the angle between the faces of this prism being nearly a right
angle (86° 20′), the twinning gives rise to cruciform groups (fig. 2),
and when it is often repeated the group has the appearance of a
cog-wheel, hence the name Rädelerz (wheel-ore) of the Kapnik
miners. The repeated twinning gives rise to twin-lamellae,
which may be detected on the fractured surfaces, even of the
massive material. The mineral is opaque, and has a brilliant
metallic lustre with a lead-grey colour. The hardness is 212, and
the specific gravity 5.8.
| |
| Fig. 1.—Crystal of Bournonite. | Fig. 2.—Twinned Crystal of Bournonite. |
At the original locality, Wheal Boys in the parish of Endellion in Cornwall, it was found associated with jamesonite, blende and chalybite. Later, still better crystals were found in another Cornish mine, namely, Herodsfoot mine near Liskeard, which was worked for argentiferous galena. Fine crystals of large size have been found with quartz and chalybite in the mines at Neudorf in the Harz, and with blende and tetrahedrite at Kapnik-Bánya near Nagy-Bánya in Hungary. A few other localities are known for this mineral. (L. J. S.)
BOURRÉE, a French name for a dance common in Auvergne
and in Biscay in Spain; also a term for a musical composition
or a dance-movement in a suite, somewhat akin to the gavotte, in
quick time with two beats to the bar.
BOURRIENNE, LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE (1769–1834),
French diplomatist, was born at Sens on the 9th of July
1769. He was educated at the military school of Brienne in
Champagne along with Napoleon Bonaparte; and although the
solitary habits of the latter made intimacy difficult, the two
youths seem to have been on friendly terms. It must, however,
be added that the stories of their very close friendship, as told in Bourrienne’s memoirs, are open to suspicion. Leaving Brienne in
1787, and conceiving a distaste for the army, Bourrienne proceeded
to Vienna. He was pursuing legal and diplomatic
studies there and afterwards at Leipzig, when the French
Revolution broke out and went through its first phases. Not
until the spring of 1792 did Bourrienne return to France; at
Paris he renewed his acquaintance with Bonaparte. They led a
Bohemian life together, and among other incidents of that exciting
time, they witnessed the mobbing of the royal family in the
Tuileries (June 20) and the overthrow of the Swiss Guards
at the same spot (August 10). Bourrienne next obtained a
diplomatic appointment at Stuttgart, and soon his name was
placed on the list of political émigrés, from which it was not
removed until November 1797. Nevertheless, after the affair of
13th Vendémiaire (October 5, 1795) he returned to Paris and
renewed his acquaintance with Bonaparte, who was then second
in command of the Army of the Interior and soon received the
command of the Army of Italy. Bourrienne did not proceed
with him into Italy, but was called thither by the victorious
general at the time of the long negotiations with Austria
(May-October 1797), when his knowledge of law and diplomacy
was of some service in the drafting of the terms of the treaty of
Campo Formio (October 17). In the following year he accompanied
Bonaparte to Egypt as his private secretary, and left a
vivid, if not very trustworthy, account of the expedition in his
memoirs. He also accompanied him on the adventurous return
voyage to Fréjus (September-October 1799), and was of some
help in the affairs which led up to the coup d’état of Brumaire
(November) 1799. He remained by the side of the First Consul
in his former capacity, but in the autumn of 1802 incurred his
displeasure owing to his very questionable financial dealings.
In the spring of 1805 he was sent as French envoy to the free city
of Hamburg. There it was his duty to carry out the measures of
commercial war against England, known as the Continental
System; but it is known that he not only viewed those tyrannical
measures with disgust, but secretly relaxed them in favour
of those merchants who plied him with douceurs. In the early
spring of 1807, when directed by Napoleon to order a large
number of military cloaks for the army, then in East Prussia,
he found that the only means of procuring them expeditiously
was to order them from England. After gaining a large fortune
while at Hamburg, he was recalled to France in disgrace at
the close of 1810. In 1814 he embraced the royal cause, and
during the Hundred Days (1815) accompanied Louis XVIII. to
Ghent. The rest of his life was uneventful; he died at Caen on
