syllogism, and the remarkable passage quoted by Minoides Minas from a Greek commentator on the Analytics, referring the fourth figure to Galen, clearly shows that the addition did not, as generally supposed, rest on a new principle, but was merely an amplification or alteration of the indirect moods of the first figure already noted by Theophrastus and the earlier Peripatetics.
In 1844 Minas published a work, avowedly from a MS. with the superscription Galenus, entitled Γαληνοῦ εἰσαγωγὴ διαλεκτική. Of this work, which contains no direct intimation of a fourth figure, and which in general exhibits an astonishing mixture of the Aristotelian and Stoic logic, Prantl speaks with the bitterest contempt. He shows demonstratively that it cannot be regarded as a writing of Galen’s, and ascribes it to some one or other of the later Greek logicians. A full summary of its contents will be found in the 1st vol. of the Geschichte der Logik (pp. 591-610), and a notice of the logical theories of the true Galen in the same work, pp. 559-577.
There have been numerous issues of the whole or parts of Galen’s works, among the editors or illustrators of which may be mentioned Jo. Bapt. Opizo, N. Leonicenus, L. Fuchs, A. Lacuna, Ant. Musa Brassavolus, Aug. Gadaldinus, Conrad Gesner, Sylvius, Cornarius, Joannes Montanus, Joannes Caius, Thomas Linacre, Theodore Goulston, Caspar Hoffman, René Chartier, Haller and Kühn. Of Latin translations Choulant mentions one in the 15th and twenty-two in the following century. The Greek text was edited at Venice, in 1525, 5 vols. fol.; at Basel, in 1538, 5 vols. fol.; at Paris, with Latin version by René Chartier, in 1639, and in 1679, 13 vols. fol.; and at Leipzig, in 1821–1833, by C. G. Kühn, considered to be the best, 20 vols. 8vo. An epitome in English of the works of Hippocrates and Galen, by J. R. Coxe, was published at Philadelphia in 1846. A new edition of Galen’s smaller works by J. Marquardt, Iwan Müller and G. Helmreich was published in three volumes at Leipzig in 1884–1909.
Further details as to the life and an account of the anatomical and medical knowledge of Galen will be found in the historical articles under the headings of Anatomy and Medicine. See also René Chartier’s Life, in his edition of Galen’s works; N. F. J. Eloy, Dictionnaire historique de la médecine, s.v. “Galien,” tom. i. (1778); F. Adams’s “Commentary” in his Medical Works of Paulus Aegineta (London and Aberdeen, 1834); J. Kidd, “A Cursory Analysis of the Works of Galen, so far as they relate to Anatomy and Physiology,” Trans. Provincial Med. and Surg. Assoc. vi., 1837, pp. 299-336; C. V. Daremberg, Exposition des connaissances de Galien sur l’anatomie, la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux (Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine) (Paris, 1841); J. R. Gasquet, “The Practical Medicine of Galen and his Time,” The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Rev., vol. xi., 1867, pp. 472-488; and Ilberg, “Die Schriften des Claudius Galenos,” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, 1889, 1892 and 1896.
GALENA, a city and the county-seat of Jo Daviess county,
Illinois, U.S.A., in the N.W. part of the state, on the Galena
(formerly the Fever) river, near its junction with the Mississippi,
about 165 m. W.N.W. of Chicago. Pop. (1900) 5005, of whom
918 were foreign-born; (1910) 4835. It is served by the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North-Western and the
Illinois Central railways; the Galena river has been made
navigable by government locks at the mouth of the river, but the
river traffic is unimportant. The city is built on rocky limestone
bluffs, which rise rather abruptly on each side of the river, and a
number of the parallel streets, of different levels, are connected
by flights of steps. In Grant Park there is a statue of General
U. S. Grant, who was a resident of Galena at the outbreak of the
Civil War. In the vicinity there are the most important deposits of
zinc and lead in the state, and the city derives its name from the
deposits of sulphide of lead (galena), which were the first worked
about here; below the galena is a zone of zinc carbonate (or
smithsonite) ores, which was the main zone worked between 1860
and 1890; still lower is a zone of blende, or zinc sulphide, now
the principal source of the mineral wealth of the region. The
production of zinc is increasing, but that of lead is unimportant.
The principal manufactures are mining pumps and machinery,
flour, woollen goods, lumber and furniture. Water power is
afforded by the river. Galena was originally a trading post,
called by the French “La Pointe” and by the English “Fever
River,” the river having been named after le Fevre, a French
trader who settled near its mouth. In 1826 Galena was laid out
as a town and received its present name; it was incorporated in
1835 and was reincorporated in 1882. In 1838 a theatre was
opened, one of whose proprietors was Joseph Jefferson, the father
of the celebrated actor of that name.
GALENA, a city of Cherokee county, Kansas, U.S.A., in the
extreme S.E. part of the state, on Short Creek and near Spring
river. Pop. (1890) 2496; (1900) 10,155, of whom 580 were
negroes and 251 were foreign-born; (1905) 6449; (1910) 6096.
It is situated at the intersection of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas,
and the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis (“Frisco System”)
railways, in the midst of a lead and zinc region, extremely
valuable deposits of these metals having been discovered in 1877.
Smelters and foundries are its principal manufacturing establishments.
Water power in abundance is furnished by the Spring
river. After the discovery of the ore deposits two rival companies
founded Galena and Empire City (pop. in 1905, 982), the former
S. of Short Creek and the latter N. of it. Galena was incorporated
in 1877, and in 1907 Empire City was annexed to it.
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GALENA, an important ore of lead, consisting of lead sulphide (PbS). The mineral was mentioned by Pliny under this name, and it is sometimes now known as lead-glance (Ger. Bleiglanz). It crystallizes in the cubic system, and well-developed crystals are of common occurrence; the usual form is the cube or the cubo-octahedron (fig.). An important character, and one by which the mineral may always be recognized, is the perfect cubical cleavage, on which the lustre is brilliant and metallic. The colour of the mineral and of its streak is lead-grey; it is opaque; the hardness is 212 and the specific gravity 7.5. Twinned crystals are not common, but the presence of polysynthetic twinning is sometimes shown by fine striations running diagonally or obliquely across the cleavage surfaces. Large masses with a coarse or fine granular structure are of common occurrence; the fractured surfaces of such masses present a spangled appearance owing to the numerous bright cleavages.
The formula PbS corresponds with lead 86.6 and sulphur 13.4%. The mineral nearly always contains a small amount of silver, and sometimes antimony, arsenic, copper, gold, selenium, &c. Argentiferous galena is an important source of silver; this metal is present in amounts rarely exceeding 1%, and often less than 0.03% (equivalent to 1034 ounces per ton). Since argentite (Ag2S) is isomorphous with galena, it is probable that the silver isomorphously replaces lead, but it is to be noted that native silver has been detected as an enclosure in galena.
Galena is of wide distribution, and occurs usually in metalliferous veins traversing crystalline rocks, clay-slates and limestones, and also as pockets in limestones. It is often associated with blende and pyrites, and with calcite, fluorspar, quartz, barytes, chalybite and pearlspar as gangue minerals; in the upper oxidized parts of the deposits, cerussite and anglesite occur as alteration products. The mineral has occasionally been observed as a recent formation replacing organic matter, such as wood; and it is sometimes found in beds of coal. As small concretionary nodules, it occurs disseminated through sandstone at Kommern in the Eifel. In the lead-mining districts of Derbyshire and the north of England the ore occurs as veins and flats in the Carboniferous Limestone series, whilst in Cornwall the veins traverse clay-slates. In the Upper Mississippi lead region of Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin the ore fills large cavities or chambers in limestone.
Galena is met with at all places where lead is mined; of localities which have yielded finely crystallized specimens the following may be selected for mention: Derbyshire, Alston in Cumberland, Laxey in the Isle of Man (where crystals measuring almost a foot across have been found), Neudorf in the Harz, Rossie in New York and Joplin in Missouri. Good crystals have also been obtained as a furnace product.
Coarsely grained galena is used for glazing pottery, and is then known as “potters’ ore” or alquifoux.
The galena group includes several other cubic minerals, such as argentite (q.v.). Mention may also be made here of clausthalite
