was a diplomat and soldier, who rose to be field-marshal and governor of St Petersburg.
See R. N. Bain, The First Romanovs (London, 1905); A. Brückner, Fürst Golizin (Leipzig, 1887); S. Solovev, History of Russia (Rus.), vols. xiii.-xiv. (Moscow, 1858, &c.). (R. N. B.)
GOLIUS or (Gohl), JACOBUS (1596–1667), Dutch Orientalist,
was born at the Hague in 1596, and studied at the university of
Leiden, where in Arabic and other Eastern languages he was the
most distinguished pupil of Erpenius. In 1622 he accompanied
the Dutch embassy to Morocco, and on his return he was chosen
to succeed Erpenius (1624). In the following year he set out on a
Syrian and Arabian tour from which he did not return until 1629.
The remainder of his life was spent at Leiden where he held the
chair of mathematics as well as that of Arabic. He died on the
28th of September 1667.
His most important work is the Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, fol., Leiden, 1653, which, based on the Sihah of Al-Jauhari, was only superseded by the corresponding work of Freytag. Among his earlier publications may be mentioned editions of various Arabic texts (Proverbia quaedam Alis, imperatoris Muslemici, et Carmen Tograipoëtae doctissimi, necnon dissertatio quaedam Aben Synae, 1629; and Ahmedis Arabsiadae vitae et rerum gestarum Timuri, qui vulgo Tamer, lanes dicitur, historia, 1636). In 1656 he published a new edition, with considerable additions, of the Grammatica Arabica of Erpenius. After his death, there was found among his papers a Dictionarium Persico-Latinum which was published, with additions, by Edmund Castell in his Lexicon heptaglotton (1669). Golius also edited, translated and annotated the astronomical treatise of Alfragan (Muhammedis, filii Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, elementa astronomica Arabice et Latine, 1669).
GOLLNOW, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Pomerania, on the right bank of the Ihna, 14 m. N.N.E. of Stettin,
with which it has communication by rail and steamer. Pop.
(1905) 8539. It possesses two Evangelical churches, a synagogue
and some small manufactures. Gollnow was founded in 1190,
and was raised to the rank of a town in 1268. It was for a time
a Hanse town, and came into the possession of Prussia in 1720,
having belonged to Sweden since 1648.
GOLOSH, or Galosh (from the Fr. galoche, Low Lat. calopedes,
a wooden shoe or clog; an adaptation of the Gr. καλοπόδιον,
a diminutive formed of κᾶλον, wood, and ποῦς, foot), originally
a wooden shoe or patten, or merely a wooden sole fastened to
the foot by a strap or cord. In the middle ages “galosh” was a
general term for a boot or shoe, particularly one with a wooden
sole. In modern usage, it is an outer shoe worn in bad weather
to protect the inner one, and keep the feet dry. Goloshes are
now almost universally made of rubber, and in the United States
they are known as “rubbers” simply, the word golosh being
rarely if ever used. In the bootmakers’ trade, a “golosh”
is the piece of leather, of a make stronger than, or different from
that of the “uppers,” which runs around the bottom part of a
boot or shoe, just above the sole.
GOLOVIN, FEDOR ALEKSYEEVICH, Count (d. 1706),
Russian statesman, learnt, like so many of his countrymen in
later times, the business of a ruler in the Far East. During the
regency of Sophia, sister of Peter the Great, he was sent to the
Amur to defend the new Muscovite fortress of Albazin against
the Chinese. In 1689 he concluded with the Celestial empire the
treaty of Nerchinsk, by which the line of the Amur, as far as its
tributary the Gorbitsa, was retroceded to China because of the
impossibility of seriously defending it. In Peter’s grand embassy
to the West in 1697 Golovin occupied the second place
immediately after Lefort. It was his chief duty to hire foreign
sailors and obtain everything necessary for the construction and
complete equipment of a fleet. On Lefort’s death, in March 1699,
he succeeded him as admiral-general. The same year he was
created the first Russian count, and was also the first to be
decorated with the newly-instituted Russian order of St Andrew.
The conduct of foreign affairs was at the same time entrusted
to him, and from 1699 to his death he was “the premier minister
of the tsar.” Golovin’s first achievement as foreign minister was
to supplement the treaty of Carlowitz, by which peace with
Turkey had only been secured for three years, by concluding with
the Porte a new treaty at Constantinople (June 13, 1700), by
which the term of the peace was extended to thirty years and,
besides other concessions, the Azov district and a strip of territory
extending thence to Kuban were ceded to Russia. He also
controlled, with consummate ability, the operations of the
brand-new Russian diplomatists at the various foreign courts.
His superiority over all his Muscovite contemporaries was due
to the fact that he was already a statesman, in the modern sense,
while they were still learning the elements of statesmanship.
His death was an irreparable loss to the tsar, who wrote upon the
despatch announcing it, the words “Peter filled with grief.”
See R. N. Bain, The First Romanovs (London, 1905). (R. N. B.)
GOLOVKIN, GAVRIIL IVANOVICH, Count (1660–1734),
Russian statesman, was attached (1677), while still a lad, to the
court of the tsarevitch Peter, afterwards Peter the Great, with
whose mother Natalia he was connected, and vigilantly guarded
him during the disquieting period of the regency of Sophia,
sister of Peter the Great (1682–1689). He accompanied the
young tsar abroad on his first foreign tour, and worked by his
side in the dockyards of Saardam. In 1706 he succeeded Golovin
in the direction of foreign affairs, and was created the first Russian
grand-chancellor on the field of Poltava (1709). Golovkin held
this office for twenty-five years. In the reign of Catherine I.
he became a member of the supreme privy council which had
the chief conduct of affairs during this and the succeeding reigns.
The empress also entrusted him with her last will whereby she
appointed the young Peter II. her successor and Golovkin one
of his guardians. On the death of Peter II. in 1730 he declared
openly in favour of Anne, duchess of Courland, in opposition
to the aristocratic Dolgorukis and Golitsuins, and his determined
attitude on behalf of autocracy was the chief cause of the failure
of the proposed constitution, which would have converted Russia
into a limited monarchy. Under Anne he was a member of the
first cabinet formed in Russia, but had less influence in affairs than
Ostermann and Münnich. In 1707 he was created a count of
the Holy Roman empire, and in 1710 a count of the Russian
empire. He was one of the wealthiest, and at the same time
one of the stingiest, magnates of his day. His ignorance of any
language but his own made his intercourse with foreign ministers
very inconvenient.
See R. N. Bain, The Pupils of Peter the Great (London, 1897). (R. N. B.)
GOLOVNIN, VASILY MIKHAILOVICH (1776–1831), Russian
vice-admiral, was born on the 20th of April 1776 in the village
of Gulynki in the province of Ryazan, and received his education
at the Cronstadt naval school. From 1801 to 1806 he served as
a volunteer in the English navy. In 1807 he was commissioned
by the Russian government to survey the coasts of Kamchatka
and of Russian America, including also the Kurile Islands.
Golovnin sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, and on the 5th of
October 1809, arrived in Kamchatka. In 1810, whilst attempting
to survey the coast of the island of Kunashiri, he was seized by
the Japanese, and was retained by them as a prisoner, until the
13th of October 1813, when he was liberated, and in the following
year he returned to St Petersburg. Soon after this the government
planned another expedition, which had for its object the
circumnavigation of the globe by a Russian ship, and Golovnin
was appointed to the command. He started from St Petersburg
on the 7th of September 1817, sailed round Cape Horn, and
arrived in Kamchatka in the following May. He returned to
Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and landed at St
Petersburg on the 17th of September 1819. He died on the 12th
of July 1831.
Golovnin published several works, of which the following are the most important:—Journey to Kamchatka (2 vols., 1819); Journey Round the World (2 vols., 1822); and Narrative of my Captivity in Japan, 1811–1813 (2 vols., 1816). The last has been translated into French, German and English, the English edition being in three volumes (1824). A complete edition of his works was published at St Petersburg in five volumes in 1864, with maps and charts, and a biography of the author by N. Grech.
GOLTZ, BOGUMIL (1801–1870), German humorist and
satirist, was born at Warsaw on the 20th of March 1801. After
attending the classical schools of Marienwerder and Königsberg,
he learnt farming on an estate near Thorn, and in 1821 entered
the university of Breslau as a student of philosophy. But he
