of Hagenau, the imperial advocatus in Lower Alsace. Richard of Cornwall, king of the Romans, made it an imperial city in 1257. In 1648 it came into the possession of France, and in 1673 Louis XIV. caused the fortifications to be razed. In 1675 it was captured by imperial troops, but in 1677 it was retaken by the French and nearly all destroyed by fire. In 1871 it fell, with the rest of Alsace-Lorraine, into the possession of Germany.
HAGENBACH, KARL RUDOLF (1801–1874). German church
historian, was born on the 4th of March 1801 at Basel, where his
father was a practising physician. His preliminary education was
received at a Pestalozzian school, and afterwards at the gymnasium,
whence in due course he passed to the newly reorganized
local university. He early devoted himself to theological studies
and the service of the church, while at the same time cherishing
and developing broad “humanistic” tendencies which found
expression in many ways and especially in an enthusiastic
admiration for the writings of Herder. The years 1820–1823
were spent first at Bonn, where G. C. F. Lücke (1791–1855)
exerted a powerful influence on his thought, and afterwards at
Berlin, where Schleiermacher and Neander became his masters.
Returning in 1823 to Basel, where W. M. L. de Wette had recently
been appointed to a theological chair, he distinguished
himself greatly by his trial-dissertation, Observationes historico-hermeneuticae
circa Origenis methodum interpretendae sacrae
Scripturae; in 1824 he became professor extraordinarius, and
in 1829 professor ordinarius of theology. Apart from his
academic labours in connexion with the history of dogma and
of the church, he lived a life of great and varied usefulness as a
theologian, a preacher and a citizen; and at his “jubilee”
in 1873, not only the university and town of Basel but also the
various churches of Switzerland united to do him honour. He
died at Basel on the 7th of June 1874.
Hagenbach was a voluminous author in many departments, but he is specially distinguished as a writer on church history. Though neither so learned and condensed as the contributions of Gieseler, nor so original and profound as those of Neander, his lectures are clear, attractive and free from narrow sectarian prejudice. In dogmatics, while avowedly a champion of the “mediation theology” (Vermittelungstheologie), based upon the fundamental conceptions of Herder and Schleiermacher, he was much less revolutionary than were many others of his school. He sought to maintain the old confessional documents, and to make the objective prevail over the purely subjective manner of viewing theological questions. But he himself was aware that in the endeavour to do so he was not always successful, and that his delineations of Christian dogma often betrayed a vacillating and uncertain hand.
His works include Tabellarische Übersicht der Dogmengeschichte (1828); Encyclopädie u. Methodologie der theol. Wissenschaften (1833); Vorlesungen über Wesen u. Geschichte der Reformation u. des Protestantismus (1834–1843); Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (1840–1841, 5th ed., 1867; English transl., 1850); Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der alien Kirche (1853–1855); Vorlesungen über die Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters (1860–1861); Grundlinien der Homiletik u. Liturgik (1863); biographies of Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1564) and Oswald Myconius (1488–1552) and a Geschichte der theol. Schule Basels (1860); his Predigten (1858–1875), two volumes of poems entitled Luther u. seine Zeit (1838), and Gedichte (1846). The lectures on church history under the general title Vorlesungen über die Kirchengeschichte von der ältesten Zeit bis zum 19ten Jahrhundert were reissued in seven volumes (1868–1872).
See especially the article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie.
HAGENBECK, CARL (1844– ), wild-animal collector and
dealer, was born at Hamburg in 1844. In 1848 his father
purchased some seals and a Polar bear brought to Hamburg
by a whaler, and subsequently acquired many other wild animals.
At the age of twenty-one Carl Hagenbeck was given the whole
collection, and before long had greatly extended the business,
so that in 1873 he had to erect large buildings in Hamburg to
house his animals. In 1875 he began to exhibit a collection of
the representative animals of many countries, accompanied by
troupes of the natives of the respective countries, throughout
all the large cities of Europe. The educational value of these
exhibitions was officially recognized by the French government,
which in 1891 awarded Hagenbeck the diploma of the Academy.
Most of the wild animals exhibited in music-halls and other
popular places of entertainment throughout the world have
come from Hagenbeck’s collection at Stellingen, near Hamburg.
HAGERSTOWN, a city and the county-seat of Washington
county, Maryland, U.S.A., near Antietam Creek, about 86 m.
by rail W.N.W. from Baltimore. Pop. (1890), 10,118; (1900),
13,591, of whom 1277 were negroes; (1910, census), 16,507.
Hagerstown is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Western
Maryland, the Norfolk & Western, and the Cumberland Valley
railways, and by an interurban electric line. It lies in a fertile
valley overlooked by South Mountain to the E. and North
Mountain, more distant, to the W. The city is the seat of Kee
Mar College (1852; non-sectarian) for women. Hagerstown
is a business centre for the surrounding agricultural district,
has good water power, and as a manufacturing centre ranked
third in the state in 1905, its factory products being valued in
that year at $3,026,901, an increase of 66.3% over their value
in 1900. Among the manufactures are flour, shirts, hosiery,
gloves, bicycles, automobiles, agricultural implements, print
paper, fertilizers, sash, doors and blinds, furniture, carriages,
spokes and wheels. The municipality owns and operates its
electric lighting plant. Hagerstown was laid out as a town in
1762 by Captain Jonathan Hager (who had received a patent
to 200 acres here from Lord Baltimore in 1739), and was incorporated
in 1791. It was an important station on the old National
(or Cumberland) Road. General R. E. Lee concentrated his
forces at Hagerstown before the battle of Gettysburg.
HAG-FISH, Glutinous Hag, or Borer (Myxine), a marine
fish which forms with the lampreys one of the lowest orders of
vertebrates (Cyclostomata). Similar in form to a lamprey, it is
usually found within the body of dead cod or haddock, on the
flesh of which it feeds after having buried itself in the abdomen.
When caught, it secretes a thick glutinous slime in such quantity
that it is commonly believed to have the power of converting
water into glue. It is found in the North Atlantic and other
temperate seas of the globe, being taken in some localities in
large numbers, e.g. off the east coast of Scotland and the west
coast of California (see Cyclostomata).
HAGGADA, or ’Agada (literally “narrative”), includes the
more homiletic elements of rabbinic teaching. It is not logically
distinguishable from the halakha (q.v.), for the latter or forensic
element makes up with the haggada the Midrash (q.v.), but,
being more popular than the halakha, is often itself styled the
Midrash. It may be described as the poetical and ethical element
as contrasted with the legal element in the Talmud (q.v.), but
the two elements are always closely connected. From one point
of view the haggada, amplifying and developing the contents
of Hebrew scripture in response to a popular religious need, may
be termed a rabbinical commentary on the Old Testament,
containing traditional stories and legends, sometimes amusing,
sometimes trivial, and often beautiful. The haggada abounds
in parables. The haggadic passages of the Talmud were collected
in the Eye of Jacob, a very popular compilation completed by
Jakob ibn Ḥabib in the 16th century.
HAGGAI, in the Bible, the tenth in order of the “minor
prophets,” whose writings are preserved in the Old Testament.
The name Haggai (חגי, Gr. Ἀγγαῖος, whence Aggeus in the English
version of the Apocrypha) perhaps means “born on the
feast day,” “festive.” But Wellhausen[1] is probably right in
taking the word as a contraction for Hagariah (“Yahweh hath
girded”), just as Zaccai (Zacchaeus) is known to be a contraction
of Zechariah.
The book of Haggai contains four short prophecies delivered between the first day of the sixth month and the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month—that is, between September and December—of the second year of Darius the king. The king in question must be Darius Hystaspis (521–485 B.C.). The language of the prophet in ii. 3 suggests the probability that he was himself one of those whose memories reached across the seventy years of the captivity, and that his prophetic work began in extreme
- ↑ In Bleek’s Einleitung, 4th ed., p. 434.
