Constitutional Documents of the City of London (1884, 1887); J. H.
Round, The Commune of London and other Studies (1899); Reginald
R. Sharpe, London and the Kingdom; a History derived mainly from
the Archives at Guildhall (1894); G. L. Gomme, The Governance of
London. Studies on the Place occupied by London in English Institutions
(1907); Alfred B. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London
temp. Henry III. (1908).
In connexion with the government of London may be noted works on the following: Inns of Court. William Herbert, Antiquities of the Inns of Court and Chancery (1804); Robert P. Pearce, History (1848). Artillery Company, Anthony Highmore, History of the Hon. Artillery Co. of London to 1802 (1804); G. A. Raikes, History of the Hon. Artillery Co. (1878). William Herbert published in 1837 History of the Twelve great Livery Companies of London, and in 1869 Thomas Arundell published Historical Reminiscences of the City and its Livery Companies. Since then have appeared The Livery Companies of the City of London, by W. Carew Hazlitt (1892); The City Companies of London, by P. H. Ditchfield (1904); The Gilds and Companies of London, by George Unwin (1908). Separate histories have been published of the chief London companies.
The following are some of the chief works connected with the topography of London: Thomas Pennant, Of London (1790, 1793, 1805, 1813, translated into German 1791); John T. Smith, Antient Topography of London (1815); David Hughson [E. Pugh], Walks through London (1817); London (edited by Charles Knight 1841–1844, reprinted 1851, revised by E. Walford 1875–1877); J. H. Jesse, Literary and Historical Memorials of London (1847); Leigh Hunt, The Town, its Memorable Character and Events (1848, new ed. 1859); Peter Cunningham, A Handbook of London past and present (1849, 2nd ed. 1850, enlarged into a new work in 1891); Henry B. Wheatley, London past and present; Vestiges of Old London, etchings by J. W. Archer (1851); A New Survey of London (1853); G. W. Thornbury, Haunted London (1865, new ed. by E. Walford 1880); Old and New London, vols. i.-ii. by G. W. Thornbury, vols. iii.-vi. by Edward Walford (1873–1878); Walter Besant, London, Westminster, South London, East London (1891–1902); East London Antiquities, edited by Walter A. Locks (East London Advertiser, 1902); Philip Norman, London vanished and vanishing (1905); Records of the London Topographical Society; Monographs of the Committee for the Survey of the Memorials of Greater London.
The following books on the population of London have been published: John Graunt, Natural and Political Observations on the Bills of Mortality (1661, other editions 1662, 1665, 1676); Essay in Political Arithmetick (1683); Five Essays on Political Arithmetick (1687); Several Essays in Political Arithmetick (1699, 1711, 1751, 1755); Essay concerning the Multiplication of Mankind (1682, 1683, 1686), all by Sir William Petty; Corbyn Morris, Observations on the past Growth and present State of the City of London (1751); Collection of the Yearly Bills of Mortality from 1657 to 1758 (ed. by T. Birch, D.D. 1759); Graunt’s Observations, Petty’s Another Essay and C. Morris’s Observations are reprinted in this collection. Graunt and Petty’s Essays are reprinted in Economic Writings of Sir W. Petty (1899). (H. B. W.*)
LONDON CLAY, in geology, the most important member
of the Lower Eocene strata in the south of England. It is well
developed in the London basin, though not frequently exposed,
partly because it is to a great extent covered by more recent
gravels and partly because it is not often worked on a large
scale. It is a stiff, tenacious, bluish clay that becomes brown
on weathering, occasionally it becomes distinctly sandy, sometimes
glauconitic, especially towards the top; large calcareous
septarian concretions are common, and have been used in the
manufacture of cement, being dug for this purpose at Sheppey,
near Southend, and at Harwich, and dredged off the Hampshire
coast. Nodular lumps of pyrites and crystals of selenite
are of frequent occurrence. The clay has been employed for
making bricks, tiles and coarse pottery, but it is usually too
tenacious for this purpose except in well-weathered or sandy
portions. The base of the clay is very regularly indicated by
a few inches of rounded flint pebbles with green and yellowish
sand, parts of this layer being frequently cemented by carbonate
of lime. The average thickness of the London Clay in
the London basin is about 450 ft.; at Windsor it is 400 ft.
thick; beneath London it is rather thicker, while in the south
of Essex it is over 480 ft. In Wiltshire it only reaches a few feet
in thickness, while in Berkshire it is some 50 or 60 ft. It is found
in the Isle of Wight, where it is 300 ft. thick at Whitecliff Bay—here
the beds are vertical and even slightly reversed—and in
Alum Bay it is 220 ft. thick. In Hampshire it is sometimes
known as the Bognor Beds, and certain layers of calcareous
sandstone within the clays are called Barnes or Bognor Rock.
In the eastern part of the London basin in east Kent the pebbly
basement bed becomes a thick deposit (60 ft.), forming part of
the Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds.
The London Clay is a marine deposit, and its fossils indicate a moderately warm climate, the flora having a tropical aspect. Among the fossils may be mentioned Panopoea intermedia, Ditrupa plana, Teredina personata, Conus concinnus, Rostellaria ampla, Nautilus centralis, Belosepia, foraminifera and diatoms. Fish remains include Otodus obliquus, Sphyroenodus crassidens; birds are represented by Halcyornis Toliapicus, Lithornis and Odontopteryx, and reptiles by Chelone gigas, and other turtles, Palaeophis, a serpent and crocodiles. Hyracotherium leporinum, Palaeotherium and a few other mammals are recorded. Plant remains in a pyritized condition are found in great abundance and perfection on the shore of Sheppey; numerous species of palms, screw pines, water lilies, cypresses, yews, leguminous plants and many others occur; logs of coniferous wood bored through by annelids and Teredo are common, and fossil resin has been found at Highgate.
See Eocene; also W. Whitaker, “The Geology of London and part of the Thames Valley,” Mem. Geol. Survey (1889), and Sheet Memoirs of the Geol. Survey, London, Nos. 314, 315, 268, 329, 332, and Memoirs on the Geology of the Isle of Wight (1889).
LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF. The
1st earl of Londonderry was Thomas Ridgeway (c. 1565–1631),
a Devon man, who was treasurer in Ireland from 1606 to 1616
and was engaged in the plantation of Ulster. Ridgeway was
made a baronet in 1611, Baron Ridgeway in 1616 and earl of
Londonderry in 1623. The Ridgeways held the earldom until
March 1714, when Robert, the 4th earl, died without sons. In
1726 Robert’s son-in-law, Thomas Pitt (c. 1688–1729), son of
Thomas Pitt, “Diamond Pitt,” governor at Madras and uncle
of the great earl of Chatham, was created earl of Londonderry,
the earldom again becoming extinct when his younger son
Ridgeway, the 3rd earl of this line, died unmarried in January
1765. In 1796 Robert Stewart (1739–1821), of Mount Stewart,
Co. Down, was made earl of Londonderry in the Irish peerage.
He had been created Baron Londonderry in 1789 and Viscount
Castlereagh in 1795; in 1816 he was advanced to the rank of
marquess of Londonderry. The 3rd marquess married the
heiress of the Vane-Tempests and took the name of Vane instead
of Stewart; the 5th marquess called himself Vane-Tempest
and the 6th marquess Vane-Tempest-Stewart.
LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE),
3rd Marquess of (1778–1854), British soldier and diplomatist,
was the son of the 1st marquess by a second marriage with the
daughter of the 1st Earl Camden. He entered the army and
served in the Netherlands (1794), on the Rhine and Danube
(1795), in the Irish rebellion (1798), and Holland (1799), rising
to be colonel; and having been elected to parliament for Kerry
he became under secretary for war under his half-brother
Castlereagh in 1807. In 1808 he was given a cavalry command
in the Peninsula, where he brilliantly distinguished himself.
In 1809, and again in the campaigns of 1810, 1811, having
become a major-general, he served under Wellington in the
Peninsula as his adjutant-general, and was at the capture of
Ciudad Rodrigo, but at the beginning of 1812 he was invalided
home. Castlereagh (see Londonderry, 2nd Marquess of)
then sent him to Berlin as minister, to represent Great Britain
in the allied British, Russian and Prussian armies; and as a
cavalry leader he played an important part in the subsequent
fighting, while ably seconding Castlereagh’s diplomacy. In
1814 he was made a peer as Baron Stewart, and later in the
year was appointed ambassador at Vienna, and was a member
of the important congresses which followed. In 1822 his half-brother’s
death made him 3rd marquess of Londonderry, and
shortly afterwards, disagreeing with Canning, he resigned,
being created Earl Vane (1823), and for some years lived quietly
in England, improving his Seaham estates. In 1835 he was for
a short time ambassador at St Petersburg. In 1852, after the
death of Wellington, when he was one of the pall-bearers, he
received the order of the Garter. He died on the 6th of March
1854. He was twice married, first in 1808 to the daughter of the
earl of Darnley, and secondly in 1819 to the heiress of Sir Harry
Vane-Tempest (a descendant of Sir Piers Tempest, who served
at Agincourt, and heir to Sir Henry Vane, Bart.), when he
assumed the name of Vane. Frederick William Robert (1805–1872),
