that church was broken up and sold; these statues are considered to be one of the chief works of Cristoforo Solari. The church contains numerous other works of art. An elegant portal leads from the church into the small cloister, which has a pretty garden in the centre; the terra-cotta ornaments surmounting the slender marble pillars are the work of Rinaldo de Stauris (1463–1478), who executed similar decorations in the great cloister. This cloister is 412 ft. long by 334 ft. wide and contains 24 cells of the monks, pleasant little three-roomed houses each with its own garden. Within the confines of the monastery is the Palazzo Ducale which since 1901 has been occupied by the Certosa museum. The Carthusian monks, to whom the monastery was entrusted by the founder, were bound to employ a certain proportion of their annual revenue in prosecuting the work till its completion, and even after 1542 the monks continued voluntarily to expend large sums on further decoration. The Certosa di Pavia is thus a practical textbook of Italian art for wellnigh three centuries. The Carthusians were expelled in 1782 by the emperor Joseph II., and after being held by the Cistercians in 1784 and the Carmehtes in 1789 the monastery was closed in 1810. In 1843 the Certosa was restored to the Carthusians and was exempted from confiscation in 1866, but it has since been declared a national monument.
History.—For earlier period see Ticinum. Under the name Papia (Pavia) the city became, as the capital of the Lombard kingdom, one of the leading cities of Italy. By the conquest of Pavia and the capture of Desiderius in 774 Charlemagne completely destroyed the Lombard supremacy; but the city continued to be the centre of the Carolingian power in Italy, and a royal residence was built in the neighbourhood (Corteolona on the Olona). It was in San Michele Maggiore in Pavia that Berengar of Friuli, and his quasi-regal successors down to Berengar II. and Adalbert II., were crowned “kings of Italy.” Under the reign of the first the city was sacked and burned by the Hungarians, and the bishop was among those who perished. At Pavia was celebrated in 951 the marriage of Otto I. and Adelheid (Adelaide), which exercised so important an influence on the relations of the empire and Italy; but, when the succession to the crown of Italy came to be disputed between the emperor Henry II. and Arduin of Ivrea, the city sided strongly with the latter. Laid in ruins by Henry, who was attacked by the citizens on the night after his coronation in 1004, it was none the less ready to close its gates on Conrad the Salic in 1026. In the 11th and 12th centuries we find Pavia called the “Second Rome.” The jealousy between Pavia and Milan having in 1056 broken out into open war, Pavia had recourse to the hated emperors, though she seems to have taken no part in the battle of Legnano; and for the most part she remained attached to the Ghibelline party till the latter part of the 14th century. From 1360, when Galeazzo was appointed imperial vicar by Charles IV., Pavia became practically a possession of the Visconti family and in due course formed part of the duchy of Milan. For its insurrection against the French garrison in 1409 it paid a terrible penalty in 1500, and in 1312, after the victory of Ravenna, Pavia presented to Louis XII., as a sign of fidelity, a magnificent standard: this however fell into the hands of Swiss mercenaries and was sent to Fribourg as a trophy of war (it no longer exists). Having been strongly fortified by Charles V., the city was in 1525 able to bid defiance to Francis I., who was so disastrously beaten in the vicinity, but two years later the French under Lautrec subjected it to a sack of seven days. In 1655 Prince Thomas of Savoy invested Pavia with an army of 20,000 Frenchmen, but had to withdraw after 52 days siege. The Austrians under Prince Eugene occupied it in 1706, the French in 1733 and the French and Spaniards in 1743; and the Austrians were again in possession from 1746 till 1796. In May of that year it was seized by Napoleon, who, to punish it for an insurrection, condemned it to three days’ pillage. In 1814 it became Austrian once more. The revolutionary movement of February 1848 was crushed by the Austrians and the university was closed; and, though the Sardinian forces obtained possession in March, the Austrians soon recovered their ground. It was not till 1859 that Pavia passed with the rest of Lombardy to the Sardinian crown.
At several periods Pavia has been the centre of great intellectual activity. It was according to tradition in a tower which, previous to 1584, stood near the church of the Annunziata that Boethius wrote his De consolatione philosophiae; the legal school of Pavia was rendered celebrated in the 11th century by Lanfranc (afterwards archbishop of Canterbury); Petrarch was frequently here as the guest of Galeazzo II., and his grandson died and was buried here. Columbus studied at the university about 1447; and printing was introduced in 1471. Two of the bishops of Pavia were raised to the papal throne as John XIV. and Julius III. Lanfranc, Pope John XIV., Porta the anatomist and Cremona the mathematician were born in the city.
See C. Dell’ Acqua, Guida illustrata di Pavia (Pavia, 1900), and refs. there given; L. Beltrami, La Chartreuse de Pavie (Milan, 1899); Storia documentata della Certosa di Pavia (Milan, 1896). (T. As.)
PAVIA Y ALBUQUERQUE, MANUEL (1828–1895), Spanish
general, was born at Cadiz on the 2nd of August 1828. He was
the son of Admiral Pavia, a naval officer of some note in the
early part of the 19th century. He entered the Royal Artillery
College at Segovia in 1841; became a lieutenant in 1846, a captain
in 1855 and major in 1862. Three years later he joined the
staff of Marshal Prim, and took part in the two unsuccessful
revolutionary movements concerted by Prim in 1866, and,
after two years of exile, in the successful revolution of 1868.
Pavia showed much vigour against the republican risings in
the southern provinces; the governments of King Amadeus
of Savoy, from 1871 to 1873, also showed him much favour.
After the abdication of that prince. General Pavia put down
the Carlists and the cantonal insurrections of the chief towns
of the south. On three occasions during the eventful year
1873, as captain-general of Madrid, he offered his services to put
an end to the anarchy that was raging in the provinces and to
the disorganization prevalent in the Cortes. To all he used
the same arguments, namely, that they had to choose between
an Alphonsist restoration or a dictatorial, military and political
republic, which would rally round its standard all the most conservative
groups that had made the revolution of 1868. This he
hoped to realize with Castelar, but the plan was interrupted by the
military pronunciamiento for the purpose of dissolving the Cortes
of 1873. As soon as the federal Cortes had defeated Castelar,
Pavia made his coup d’état of the 3rd of January 1874, and
after the pronunciamiento was absolute master of the situation,
but having no personal ambition, he sent for Marshal Serrano
to form a government with Sagasta, Martos, Ulloa and other
Conservatives and Radicals of the revolution. Pavia sat in
the Cortes of the Restoration several times, and once defended
himself skilfully against Emilio Castelar, who upbraided him
for the part he had played on the 3rd of January 1874. He
died suddenly on the 4th of January 1895.
PAVILION, properly a tent, a late use of Lat. papilio, butterfly, from which the word is derived through the French. The
term is chiefly used of a tent with a high pitched roof, a small
detached building used as a summer-house, &c., and particularly
for a building attached to a recreation ground for the use of
players and members. In architecture the term pavilion is
specifically applied to a portion of a building which projects
from the sides or central part. It is a characteristic of
French renaissance architecture. Where the buildings of a
large institution are broken up into detached portions, as in
St Thomas’s Hospital, London, the term is generally applied to
such detached buildings.
For the musical instrument known as the Chinese pavilion or Jingling Johnny, see Chinese Pavilion.
PAVIS, or Pavise, a large convex shield, some 4 to 5 ft. high and sufficiently broad to cover the entire body, used in medieval warfare, as a protection against arrows and other missiles. The word appears in innumerable forms in Old French, Italian and Medieval Latin, and is probably to be referred to Pavia, in Italy, where such shields were made. The term “pavisade” or “pavesade” was used of a portable screen of
