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Acids
- ii.
Boiling
Point.
Melting Point. °C.
Characteristic of
mm.
Pressure.
° C.
I. Acids of the Acetic series C Ficocerylic acid Myristic acid . Palmitic acid . Carnaubic acid Pisangcerylic acid . Cerotic acid Melissic acid . Psyllostearylic acid
„H2„
O2-
CisHzfiOa
CmH2, Oo
C.6H3.02
C24H4802
C24H4802 C28H52O2 C3oHflo02 C30H60O2
100 100
2, So-5 271-5
57 53-8 62 '62
72-5
77-8
91
94-95
Gondang wax Wcjol wax
Beeswax, .spermaceti Carnaliba wax, wool wax Pisang wax
Beeswax, wool wax, insect wax Beeswax ir xt'j^ boLi . Psylla wax, v ■
n. Acids of the Acrylic or Oleic series
CnH2n-2 Oj Physetoleic acid
Doeglic acid (?)
C16H30O2 C19H3CO2
30
Sperm oil
III. Hydroxylated acids of the series C„H-2, .0a Lanopalmic acid
Cocceric acid
C16H32OJ C31H62O3
87-88
92-93
Wool wax Cochineal wax
IV. Dihydroxylated acids of the scries C„H-.„04 Lanoceric acid
C30HG0O4
104-1 '0
Wool wax
Alcohols
Boiling Point.
mm. Pressure.
C.
Melting Point. °C.
Characteristic of
I. Alcohols of the Ethane series C„H2„+20-Pisangceryl alcohol Cetyl alcohol (Ethal) . Octodecyl alcohol . Carnailbyl alcohol . Ceryl alcohol . Myricyl (Melissyl) alcohol Psyllostearyl alcohol
II. Alcohols of the AUylic series C„H2„0-Lanolin alcohol
II.
-iO—
Alcohols of the series C„H2 Ficoceryl alcohol
1 V. Alcohols of the Glycolic series C„H2n Cocceryl alcohol
V. Alcohols of the Cholesterol series-Cholesterol
Isocholesterol ....
2O2—
C16H34O CieHieO C„H3,0
C24lU„0 C.26H640 C30H62O C 33 06^0
CnHjiO
Cl, H230
C30H62O2
C26H44O C26H44O
760 15
344
2IO-5
78
50
59
68-69
79
85-88 68-70
102-104
198
101-104
i4S-4-i5n-8 137-138
Pisang wax
Spermaceti
Wool wax
Chinese wax, opium wax, wool fat Beeswax, Carnaiiba wax Psylla wax
Wool wax
Gondang wax
Cochineal wax
Wool wax
Spermaceti consists practically of cetyl palpitate, Chinese wax of ceryl palpitate. The other waxes are of more complex composition, especially so wool wax.
The waxes can be classified similarly to the oils and fats as
follows: —, , . .,
1. Liquid waxes.
II. Solid waxes.
A. Vegetable waxes.
B. Animal waxes.
The table enumerates the most important waxes: —:
Waxes
Name of Wax.
Source.
Iodine Value.
Principal Use.
Liquid Waxes.
Sperm oil
Physeter macrocephalus
81-90
Lubricant
Arctic sperm oil (Bottlenose oil)
Hyperoodon rostratus
67-82
Lubricant
Vegetable Waxes Solid Waxes.
Carnaiiba wax
Corypha cerifera .
13
Polishes. Phonograph mass
Animal Waxes
Wool wax
Ovis aries
102
Ointment
Beeswax ....
Apis mellifica ....
8-II
Candles, polishes
Spermaceti (Cetin)
Physeter macrocephalus .
0-4
Candles, surgery
Insect wax, Chinese wax .
Coccus ceriferus
0-1-4
Candles, polishes, sizes
There are only two liquid wa.xes known, sperm oil and arctic sperm oil (bottle nose- whale oil), formerly always classed together with the animal oils. In their physical properties the natural waxes simulate the fatty oils and fats. They behave similarly
to solvents; and in their liquid condition leave a grease spot on paper. An important property of waxes is that of easily forming emulsions with water, so that large quantities of water can be incorporated with them (lanolin).
The liquid waxes occur in the blubber of the sperm whale, and in the head cavities of those whales which yield spermaceti; this latter is obtained by cooling the crude oil obtained from the head cavities. Vegetable waxes appear to be ver>' widely distributed throughout the vegetable kingdom, and occur mostly as a very thin film covering leaves and also fruits. A few only are found in sufficiently large quantities to be of commercial importance. So far carnaiiba wax is practically the only vegetable wax which is of importance in the world's markets. The animal waxes are widely distributed amongst the insects, the most important being beeswax, which is collected in almost all parts of the world. An exceptional position is occupied by wool wax, the main constituent of the natural wool fat which covers the hair of sheep, and is obtained as a by-product in scouring the raw wool. Wool fat is now being purified on a large scale and brought into commerce, under the name of lanolin, as an
