estuaries of the Canche and the Authie (the hmit towards Somme). The highest point in the department (700 ft.) is in the west, between Boulogne and StOmer. From the iiplands in which it is situated the Lys and Scarpe flow east to the Scheldt, the Aa north to the German Ocean, and the Slacic, Wimereux and Liane to the Channel. Farther south are the valleys of the Canche and the Authie, running E.S.E. and W.N.W., and thus parallel with the Somme. Vast plains, open and monotonous, but extremely fertile and well cultivated, occupy most of the department. To the north of the hills running between St Omer and Boulogne, to the south of Gravelines and the south-east of Calais, lies the district of the Wattergands, fens now drained by means of canals and dikes, and turned into highly productive land. The cHmate is free from extremes of heat and cold, but damp and changeable. At Arras the mean annual temperature is 47°; on the coast it is higher. The rainfall varies from 24 to 32 in., though at Cape Gris Nez the latter figure is much exceeded. Cereals are largely grown and give good yields to the acre; the other principal crops are potatoes, sugar-beet, forage, oil-plants and tobacco. Market gardening flourishes in the Wattergands. The rearing of livestock and poultry is actively carried on, and the horses of the Boulonnais are specially esteemed.
The department is the chief in France for the production of coal, its principal coal-basin, which is a continuation of that of Valenciennes, centring round Bethune. The manufacture of beetroot-sugar, oil and alcohol distilling, iron-working, dyeing, brewing, paper-making, and various branches of the textile manufacture, are foremost among the industries of the department. Boulogne, Calais and fitaples fit out a considerable number of vessels for the cod, herring and mackerel fisheries. Calais and Boulogne are important ports of passenger-transit for England; and Boulogne also carries on a large export trade in the products of the department. The canal system comprises part of the Aa, the Lys, the Scarpe, the Deule (a tributary of the Lys passing by Lille), the Lawe (a tributary of the Lys passing by Bethune), and the Sensee (an affluent of the Scheldt), as weU as the canals of Aire to Bauvin, Neuffosse, Calais, Calais to Ardres, &c., and in this way a line of communication is formed from the Scheldt to the sea by Bethune, St Omer and Calais, with branches to Gravelines and Dunkirk. The department is served by the Northern railway.
Pas-de-Calais forms the diocese of Arras (archbishopric of Cambrai), belongs to the district of the I. army corps, the educational division (academie) of Lille and the circumscription of the appeal court of Douai. There are six arrondissements (Arras, Bethune, Boulogne, Montreuil-sur-Mer, St Omer and St Pol-sur-Ternoise). The more noteworthy places are Arras, the capital, Boulogne, Calais, St Omer, Bethune, Lens, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Bruay, Berck, fitaples and Aire-sur-la-Lys, which are noticed separately. Besides some of the towns mentioned, Lievin (22,070), Henin-Lietard (13,384), in the neighbourhood of Lens, are large centres of population. Other places of some importance are: Lillers (pop. 5341), which carries on boot making and has a fine Romanesque church of the 12th century; Hesdin, which owes its regular plan to Charles V., by whom it was built; and St Pol, which has the remains of medieval fortifications and castles and gave its name to the famous counts of St Pol.
PASDELOUP. JULES ÉTIENNE (1819-1887), French conductor,
was born in Paris, and educated in music at the co»servaloire.
He founded in 1851 a " societe des jeunes artistes
du conservatoire, " and, as conductor of its concerts, did much
to popularize the best new compositions of the time. His
" popular concerts " at the Cirque d'hiver, from 1861 till 1884,
had also a great effect in promoting French taste in music.
PASEWALK, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province
of Pomerania, on the Ucker, 26 m. N.W. from Stettin by the
railway to Strassburg. Pop. (1905), 10,519. Pasewalk became
a town during the 12th century and was soon a member of the
Hanseatic League. In 1359 it passed to the duke of Pomerania.
Frequently ravaged during the wars which devastated the
district, it was plundered several times by the imperialists
during the Thirty Years' War; in 1657 it was burnt by the
Poles and in 1713 by the Russians. By the peace of Westphalia
in 1648 it was given to Sweden, but in 1676 it was conquered
by Brandenburg, and in 1720, by the peace of Stockholm, it
was definitely assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia.
See Hückstadt, Geschichte der Stadt Pasewalk (Pasewalk, 1883).
PASHA, also written " pacha " and formerly " pashaw, " &c.,
a Turkish title, superior to that of bey (q.v.), borne by persons
of high rank and placed after the name. It is in the gift of the
sultan of Turkey and, by delegation, of the khedive of P2gypt.
The title appears, originally, to have been bestowed exclusively
upon military commanders, but it is now given to any high
official, and also to unofficial persons whom it is desired to
honour. It is conferred indifferently upom Moslems and Christians,
and is frequently given to foreigners in the service of
the Turks or Egyptians. Pashas are of three grades, formerly
distinguished by the number of horse-tails (three, two and
one respectively) which they were entitled to display as symbols
of authority when on campaign. A pashalik is a province
governed by or under the jurisdiction of a pasha.
The word is variously derived from the Persian pddshah, Turkish pddishah, equivalent to king or emperor, and from the Turkish bash, in some dialects pash, a head, chief, &c. In old Turkish there was no fi.xed distinction between b and p. As first used in western Europe the title was written with the initial b. The English forms bashaw, bassaw, bucha, &c., general in the i6th and 17th centuries, were derived through the med. Lat. and Ital. bassa.
PASIG, a town and the capital of the province of Rizal, Luzon, Philippine Islands, about 6 m. E.S.E. of Manila. Pop.
(1003), 11,287. The town, which covers a considerable area, is
traversed by the Pasig river and its tributary, the Mariquino
river, and for a short distance borders on Laguna de Bay.
In the south-western part is Fort McKinley. Although built on
low ground, Pasig is fairly healthy. It was formerly an important
commercial centre, the inhabitants being largely engaged in
a carrying and forwarding trade between Manila and the lake
ports; but this trade was lost after the establishment of direct
rail and steamboat service between these ports. The principal
industries are rice-farming, the manufacture of a cheap red
pottery, and fishing. The language is Tagalog.
PASITELES, the most important member of the Neo-Attic school of sculpture in the time of Julius Caesar. At that period there was at Rome a demand for copies of, or variations on, noted works of Greek sculpture: the demand was met by the workshops of Pasiteles and his pupils Stephanus and Menelaus and others, several of whose statues are extant. In working from early Dorian models they introduced refinements of their own, with the result that they produced beautiful, but somewhat
vapid and academic types. Pasiteles is said by Pliny (Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 39) to have been a native of Magna Graecia, and to have been granted the Roman citizenship.
PASKEVICH, IVAN FEDOROVICH (1782-1856), count of
Erivan, prince of Warsaw, Russian field marshal, descended from an old and wealthy family, was born at Poltava on the 19th (8th) of May 1782. He was educated at the imperial institution for pages, where his progress was rapid, and in 1800 received his commission in the Guards and was named aide-de-camp to the tsar. His first active service was in 1805, in the auxiliary army sent to the assistance of Austria against France, when he took part in the battle of Austerlitz. From 1807 to 1812 he was engaged in the campaigns against Turkey, and distinguished himself by many brilliant and daring exploits, being made a general officer in his thirtieth year. During the French War of 1812-14 he was present, in command of the 26th division of infantry, at all the most important engagements; at the battle of Leipzig he won promotion to the rank of lieutenant general. On the outbreak of war with Persia in 1826 he was appointed second in command, and, succeeding in the following year to the chief command, gained rapid and brilliant successes which compelled the shah to sue for peace in February
