Quick or the Dead? (1888); she married John A. Chanler in 1888, and after their divorce married in 1896 Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy of Russia.
RIVET (O. Fr. rivet, from river, to fix, fasten together, of
unknown origin; Skeat compares Icel. rifa, to stitch together),
a metal pin or bolt used to fasten metal plates together. A
rivet, made of wrought iron, copper or other malleable substance,
is usually made with a head at one end, the other end being
hammered out after passing through the plates so as to keep them
closely fastened together. A “bolt” differs from a rivet in
that one or both ends have screw-threads to hold a nut (see
Shipbuilding).
RIVIERA, the narrow belt of coast which lies between the
mountains and the sea all round the Gulf of Genoa in the
north of Italy, extending from Nice on the W. to Spezia on
the E. It is usually spoken of as Riviera di Ponente (“the
coast of the setting sun”), the portion between Nice and the
city of Genoa; and as Riviera di Levante (“the coast of the
rising sun”), the portion from Genoa to Spezia. All this district,
being open to the S. and sheltered from the N. and E. winds,
enjoys a remarkably mild climate (winter mean, about 49°
Fahr.); so much so that the vegetation in many places partakes
of a subtropical character (e.g. the pomegranate, agave,
prickly pear, date, palm and banana). Large numbers of
flowers, especially roses, violets, hyacinths, &c., are grown
near Nice, Mentone, Bordighera and other towns, and sent
to the London and Paris markets. Bordighera is particularly
noted for its noble groves of date-palms, one of the few places
in Europe where these trees grow. The uncommon mildness
of the climate, conjoined with the natural beauty of the coast
scenery,—the steep sea-crags, the ruined towers and the range
of the Maritime Alps,—attracts thousands of invalids and
convalescents to spend the winter in the chain of towns and
villages which stretch from the one end of the Riviera to the
other, while these resorts are frequented for sea-bathing in
summer by the Italians. Proceeding from W. to E. the following
are the places to which visitors principally resort: Nice, Monaco
(an independent principality), Monte Carlo, Mentone (the
last town on the French Riviera), Ventimiglia, Bordighera,
Ospedaletti, San Remo, Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, Diano Marina,
Alassio, Arenzano, Pegli (in the Riviera di Ponente), and Nervi,
Santa Margherita, Rapallo, Chiavari, Sestri Levante, Levanto,
Spezia, and San Terenzo (Lerici) in the Riviera di Levante.
The Riviera labours, however, under the grave drawback of
being liable to earthquakes. In the 19th century there were
four such visitations, in 1818, 1831, 1854 and 1887, which
especially affected the western Riviera. A railway runs close
along the shore all through the Riviera, the distance from
Nice to Genoa being 116 m., and the distance from Genoa
to Spezia 56 m. In the latter stretch the line burrows through
the many projecting headlands by means of more than eighty
tunnels. The pearl of the eastern Riviera is the stretch (6 to
7 m.) between Rapallo and Chiavari. Lord Byron and Shelley
both lived and wrote on the shores of the Gulf of Spezia, and
Dickens wrote The Chimes at Genoa.
RIVIERE, BRITON (1840–), English artist, was born
in London on the 14th of August 1840. His father, William
Riviere, was for some years drawing-master at Cheltenham
College, and afterwards an art teacher at Oxford. He was
educated at Cheltenham College and at Oxford, where he
took his degree in 1867. For his art training he was indebted
almost entirely to his father, and early in life made for himself
a place of importance among the artists of his time. His
first pictures appeared at the British Institution, and in 1857
he exhibited three works at the Royal Academy, but it was
not until 1863 that he became a regular contributor to the
Academy exhibitions. In that year he was represented by
“The Eve of the Spanish Armada,” and in 1864 by a “Romeo
and Juliet.” Subjects of this kind did not, however, attract
him long, for in 1865 he began, with a picture of a “Sleeping
Deerhound,” that series of paintings of animal-subjects which
has since occupied him almost exclusively. Among the most
memorable of his productions are: “The Poacher’s Nurse”
(1866), “Circe” (1871), “Daniel” (1872), “The Last of
the Garrison” (1875), “Lazarus” (1877), “Persepolis”
(1878), “In Manus Tuas, Domine” (1879), “The Magician’s
Doorway” (1882), “Vac Victis” (1885), “Rizpah” (1886),
“An Old-World Wanderer” (1887), “Of a Fool and his Folly
there is no End” (1889), “A Mighty Hunter before the Lord”
(1891), “The King’s Libation” (1893), “Beyond Man’s Footsteps”
(1894), now in the National Gallery of British Art;
“Phoebus Apollo” (1895); “Aggravation” (1896), “St
George” (1900), and “To the Hills” (1901). He has also
painted portraits; and at the outset of his career made
some mark as an illustrator, beginning with Punch. He
was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1878, and
R.A. in 1881, and received the degree of D.C.L. at Oxford
in 1891.
See Sir Walter Armstrong, “Briton Riviere, R.A.; His Life and Work,” Art Annual (1891).
RIVINGTON, CHARLES (1688–1742), British publisher, was
born at Chesterfield, Derbyshire, in 1688. Coming to London
as apprentice to a bookseller, he took over in 1711 the publishing
business of Richard Chiswell (1639–1711), and, at the sign
of the Bible and the Crown in Paternoster Row, he carried on
a business almost entirely connected with theological and
educational literature. He also published one of Whitefield’s
earliest works, and brought out an edition of the Imitation
of Christ. In 1736 Rivington founded the company of booksellers
who called themselves the “New Conger,” in rivalry
with the older association, the “Conger,” dating from about
1700. In 1741 he published the first volume of Richardson’s
Pamela. Charles Rivington died on the 22nd of February
1742, and was succeeded by his two sons, John (1720–1792)
and James (1724–1802). James emigrated to America, and
pursued his trade in New York (see Newspapers, U.S.A.); John
carried on the business on the lines marked out by his father,
and was the great Church of England publisher of the day.
In 1760 he was appointed publisher to the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, and the firm retained the agency
for over seventy years. Having admitted his sons Francis
(1745–1822) and Charles (1754–1831) into partnership he
undertook for the “New Conger” Association the issue of a
standard edition of the works of Shakespeare, Milton, Locke
and other British classics; also Cruden’s Concordance. John
Rivington died on the 16th of January 1792. In 1810 John
(1779–1841), the eldest son of Francis, was admitted a partner.
In 1827 George (1801–1858) and Francis (1805–1885), sons of
Charles Rivington, joined the firm. Rivington contracted
further ties with the High Church party by the publication
(1833, &c.) of Tracts for the Times. John Rivington died on
the 21st of November 1841, his son, John Rivington (1812–1886)
having been admitted a partner in 1836. George Rivington
died in 1858; and in 1859 Francis Rivington retired,
leaving the conduct of affairs in the hands of John Rivington
and his own sons, Francis Hansard (b. 1834) and Septimus
(b. 1846). In 1890 the business was sold to Messrs Longmans (q.v.). A business of the same character was, however, carried on from 1889 to 1893 by Mr Septimus Rivington and Mr John Guthrie Percival, as Percival & Co. This was changed in 1893 to Rivington, Percival & Co.; and in 1897 the firm revived its earlier title of Rivington & Co., maintaining its reputation for educational works and its connexion with the Moderate and High Church party.
See The House of Rivington, by Septimus Rivington (1894); also the Publishers’ Circular (15th January 1885, 2nd June 1890).
RIVOLI VERONESE, a village of Venetia, Italy, in the
province of Verona, on a hill on the right; bank of the Adige,
13 m. N.W. of Verona, 617 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901)
1340. It is celebrated as the scene of the battle in which,
on the 15th of January 1797, Napoleon inflicted a decisive
defeat upon the Austrians commanded by Josef Alvintzi,
Baron von Barberek (1735–1810) (see French Revolutionary Wars).
A famous street in Paris (Rue de Rivoli) commemorates
