4 ft. The young, about twelve in number, are brought forth
alive in November. It is comparatively harmless and feeds on
shells, crustaceans and decomposing animal substances.
The dogfishes proper (Scyllium, Chiloscyllium, &c.) are spread
over nearly all the temperate and tropical seas. Their teeth are
small, in several series, with a longer pointed cusp in the middle,
and generally one or two smaller ones on each side (figs. 3 and 5).
They are all oviparous, their oblong egg-shells being produced
at each corner into a long thread by which the egg is fastened to
some fixed object. Some of the
tropical species are ornamented with a pretty pattern of colorai; gat ~ tion. The two British species, the "W "' lesser and the larger spotted dogfish (Sc. ca-nicula and Sc. catulus), belong to the most common ishes of the coast and are often confounded with each other. But the
former is finely dotted with brown above, the latter having the same parts covered with larger rounded brown spots, some of which are nearly as large as the eye. As regards size, the latter exceeds somewhat the other species, attaining to a length of 4 ft. Dogfishes may become extremely troublesome by the large numbers in which they congregate at fishing stations; they 'are rarely used as food, except in the Mediterranean countries, in China and ]apan, and in the Orkneys, where they are dried for home consumption. The black-mouthed dogfish (Pristiurus melanostomus) is rarely caught on the British coasts, and is recognized
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FIG. 3.-Teeth of Scyllium
canicula.
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FIG. 4.—Chiloscyllium trispeculare. by a series of small, flat spines with which each side of the upper edge of the caudal fin is armed. The tiger-shark (Stegostoma tigrinum) is one of the commonest and handsomest sharks in the Indian Ocean. The ground colour is a brownish-yellow, ornamented with black or brown transverse bands or rounded spots. It is a littoral species, but adult specimens, which are from ro to IS ft. long, are met far from land. It is easily recognized by its enormously long blade like tail, which is half as long as the whole fish. The teeth are small, ff,
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FIG. 5.-Contluent Nasal and
Buccal Cavities of the same fish. trilobed, in many series.” The
fourth and fifth gill-openings
are close together.
The genus Crossorhinus, of
which three species are known
from the coasts of Australia and Japan, is remarkable as the
only instance in this group of
fishes in which the integuments give a “ celative ” rather
than a “protective” resemblance to their surroundings.
Skinny frond-like appendages
are developed near the- angle
of the mouth, or form a wreath
round the side of the head, and the irregular and varied coloration of the whole body closely assimilates that of a rock covered with short Vegetable and ccgrallifne growth. The species of Crassorhinus grow to a length o ro t.
The so-called Port Jackson shark (H eterodontus=Cestracion) is likewise a littoral form. Besides the common species (H. philippi), three other closely allied kinds from the Indo-Pacific are known. This genus, which is the only existing type of a separate family, is one of special interest, as similar forms occur in Primary and Secondary strata. The jaws are armed with small obtuse teeth in front, which in young individuals are pointed, and provided with from three to five cusps. The lateral teeth are larger, pad-like, twice as broad as long and arranged in oblique series (fig. 7). The fossil forms far exceeded in size the living, which scarcely attain to a length of 5 ft. The shells of their eggs are found thrown ashore like those of our clog fishes. The shell is pyriform, with two broad lamellar ridges each wound edgewise five times round it (Hg. 8). The spiny or piked dogfish (A canthias) inhabits the temperate seas of both the N. and S; hemispheres. For some part of the year it lives in deeper Water.than the sharks already noticed,
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FIG. 6.—Heterodontus galeatus.
but at uncertain irregular times it appears at the surface and close inshore in almost incredible numbers. Couch says that he has heard of 20,000 having been taken in a seine at one time; and in March 18 58 the newspapers reported a prodigious shoal reaching W. to Uig, whence it extended from 20 to 30 m. seaward, and in an unbroken phalanx E. to Moray, Banff and Aberdeen. These fishes are distinguished by each of the two dorsal fins being armed in front by an acute spine. They do not possess an anal fin. Their teeth are rather small, placed in a single series, with the point so much turned aside that the inner margin of the tooth forms the cutting edge (fig. 9). The spiny FIG. 7.-Upper ]aw of Port Jackson Shark (Heterodontus philippi).
dogfish are of a greyish colour, with some whitish spots-in young specimens, and attain to a length of 2 or 3 ft. They are viviparous, the young being produced throughout the summer months.
Finally, we have to notice amongthe littoral sharks the “ angel-fish ” or “ monk-fish ” (Rhino squatina), which, by its broad Hat head and expanded pectoral fins, approaches in general appearance the rays. It occurs in the temperate seas of the S. as Well as the N. hemisphere, and is not uncommon on sandy parts of the coast of England and Ireland. It does not seem to exceed a length of 5 ft., and is too rare to do much injury go Ther fish. It is said to produce about twenty young at a irt .
