commercial development of the country, a railway from the Nile near Berber to the Red Sea was built (1904–1906). This line shortened the distance from Khartum to the nearest seaport by nearly 1000 m., and by reducing the cost of carriage of merchandise enabled Sudan produce to find a profitable outlet in the markets of the world. At the same time river communications were improved and the numbers of wells on caravan roads increased. Steps were furthermore taken by means of irrigation works to regulate the Nile floods, and those of the river Gash.
To the promotion of education and sanitation, and in the administration of justice, the government devoted much energy with satisfactory results. Indeed the regenerative work of Great Britain in the Sudan has been fully as successful and even more remarkable than that of Great Britain in Egypt. A large part of this work has been accomplished by officers of the British army. Some of the most valuable suggestions about such matters as land settlement, agricultural loans, &c., emanated from officers who a short time before were performing purely military duties.
Nevertheless civil servants gradually replaced military officers in the work of administration, army officers being liable to be suddenly removed for war or other service, often at times when the presence of officials possessed of local experience was most important. In efficiency and devotion to duty the Egyptian officials under the new régime also earned high praise.
The relations of the Sudan government with its Italian,
Abyssinian and French neighbours was marked by cordiality,
but with the Congo Free State difficulties arose over
claims made by that state to the Bahr-el-Ghazal
(see Africa, § 5). Congo State troops were in 1904
Bahr-el-Ghazal
and Lado.
stationed in Sudanese territory. The difficulty was adjusted
in 1906 when the Congo State abandoned all claims to the Ghazal
province (whence its troops were withdrawn during 1907), and
it was agreed to transfer the Lado enclave (q.v.) to the Sudan
six months after the death of the king of the Belgians. Under
the terms of this agreement the Lado enclave was incorporated
in the Sudan in 1910. As to the general state of the country Sir
Eldon Gorst after a tour of inspection declared in his report for
1909, “I do not suppose that there is any part of the world in
which the mass of the population have fewer unsatisfied wants.”
Authorities.—Summaries of ancient and medieval history
will be found in E. A. Wallis Budge, The Egyptian Sudan (2 vols.,
1907) and The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1905), edited by Count
Gleichen. The story of the Egyptian conquest and events up to
1850 are summarized in H. Deherain’s Le Soudan égyptien sous
Mehemet Ali (Paris, 1898). For the middle period of Egyptian rule
see Sir Samuel Baker’s Ismailia (1874); Col. Gordon in Central Africa,
edited by G. Birkbeck Hill (4th ed., 1885), being extracts from
Gordon’s diary, 1874–1880; Seven Years in the Soudan, by Romolo
Gessi Pasha (1892); and Der Sudan unter ägyptischer Herrschaft, by R.
Buchta (Leipzig, 1888). The rise of Mahdism and events down to
1900 are set forth in (Sir) F. R. Wingate’s Mahdiism and the Egyptian
Sudan (1891). This book contains translations of letters and
proclamations of the Mahdi and Khalifa. For this period the
Journals of Major General Gordon at Khartoum (1885); F. Power’s
Letters from Khartoum during the Siege (1885), and the following
four books written by prisoners of the dervishes are specially valuable:
Slatin Pasha, Fire and Sword in the Sudan (1896); Father J.
Ohrwalder (from the MSS. of, by F. R. Wingate), Ten Years' Captivity
in the Mahdi’s Camp (1882–1892) (1892); Father Paolo Rosignoli, I
miei dodici anni di prigionia in mezzo ai dervice del Sudan (Mondovi,
1898); C. Neufeldt, A Prisoner of the Khaleefa (1899). See also
G. Dujarric, L’État mahdiste du Soudan (Paris, 1901). For the
“Gordon Relief” campaign, &c., see the British official History of
the Sudan Campaign (1890); for the campaigns of 1896–98, H. S. L.
Alford and W. D. Sword, The Egyptian Soudan, its Loss and Recovery
(1898); G. W. Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (Edinburgh,
1898); Winston S. Churchill, The River War (revised ed., 1902). The
story of the Fashoda incident is told mainly in British and French
official dispatches; consult also for this period G. Hanotaux, Fachoda
(Paris, 1910); A. Lebon, La Politique de la France 1896–1898 (Paris,
1901); and R. de Caix, Fachoda, la France et l’Angleterre (Paris,
1899). Lord Cromer’s Modern Egypt (1908) covers Sudanese history
for the years 1881–1907. Consult also the authorities cited under
Egypt): Modern History, and H. Pensa, L’Egypte et le Soudan égyptien
(Paris, 1895). Unless otherwise stated the place of publication is
London. (F. R. C.)
SUDATORIUM, the term in architecture for the vaulted
sweating-room (sudor, sweat) of the Roman thermae, referred
to in Vitruvius (v. 2), and there called the concamerata sudatio.
In order to obtain the great heat required, the whole wall was
lined with vertical terra-cotta flue pipes of rectangular section,
placed side by side, through which the hot air and the smoke
from the suspensura passed to an exit in the roof.
SUDBURY, SIMON OF (d. 1381), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Sudbury in Suffolk, studied at the university of Paris, and became one of the chaplains of Pope Innocent VI., who sent him, in 1356, on a mission to Edward III. of England. In October 1361 the pope appointed him bishop of London, and he was soon serving the king as an ambassador and in other ways. In 1375 he succeeded William Wittlesey as archbishop of Canterbury, and during the rest of his life was a partisan of John of Gaunt. In July 1377 he crowned Richard II., and in 1378 John Wycliffe appeared before him at Lambeth, but he only took proceedings against the reformer under great pressure. In January 1380 Sudbury became chancellor of England, and the revolting peasants regarded him as one of the principal authors of their woes. Having released John Ball from his prison at Maidstone, the Kentish insurgents attacked and damaged the archbishop’s property at Canterbury and Lambeth; then, rushing into the Tower of London, they seized the archbishop himself. Sudbury was dragged to Tower Hill and, on the 14th of June 1381, was beheaded. His body was afterwards buried in Canterbury Cathedral. Sudbury rebuilt part of the church of St Gregory at Sudbury, and with his brother, John of Chertsey, he founded a college in this town; he also did some building at Canterbury. His father was Nigel Theobald, and he is sometimes called Simon Theobald or Tybald.
See W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury.
SUDBURY, a post town and outport of Nipissing district, Ontario, Canada, on the Canadian Pacific railway, 443 m. W. of Montreal. Pop. (1901), 2027. It has manufactures of explosives, lumber and planing mills, and is the largest nickel mining centre in the world. Gold, copper and other minerals are also raised. Practically all the ore is shipped to the United States.
SUDBURY, a market town and municipal borough of England, chiefly in the Sudbury parliamentary division of Suffolk, but partly in the Saffron Walden division, of Essex. Pop. (1901), 7109. It lies on the river Stour (which is navigable up to the town), 59 m. N.E. from London by the Great Eastern railway. All Saints' parish church, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles and tower, is chiefly Perpendicular—the chancel being Decorated. It possesses a fine oaken pulpit of 1490. The church was restored in 1882. St Peter’s is Perpendicular, with a finely carved nave roof. St Gregory’s, once collegiate, is Perpendicular. It has a rich spire-shaped font-cover of wood, gilt and painted. The grammar school was founded by William Wood in 1491. There are some old half-timbered houses, including one very fine example. The principal modern buildings are the town-hall, Victoria hall and St Leonard’s hospital. Coco-nut matting is an important manufacture; silk manufactures were transferred from London during the 19th century, and horsehair weaving was established at the same time. There are also flour-mills, malt-kilns, lime-works, and brick and tile yards. The town is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors. The borough lies wholly in the administrative county of West Suffolk. Area, 1925 acres.
The ancient Saxonborough of Sudbury (Sudbyrig, Sudberi, Suthberia) was the centre of the southern portion of the East Anglian kingdom. Before the Conquest it was a borough owned by the mother of Earl Morcar, from whom it was taken by William I., who held it in 1086. It was alienated from the Crown to an ancestor of Gilbert de Clare, 9th earl of Gloucester. In 1271 the earl gave the burgesses their first charter confirming to them all their ancient liberties and customs. The earl of March granted a charter to the mayor and bailiffs of Sudbury in 1397. In 1440 and again in 1445 the men and tenants of Sudbury obtained a royal confirmation of their privileges. They were incorporated in 1553 under the name of the mayor, aldermen and burgesses of Sudbury, and charters were granted to the town by Elizabeth, Charles II. and James II. Its constitution was reformed by the act of 1835. It was represented in parliament by two burgesses from 1558 till its disfranchisement in
