handed down part of that lordship to his younger son Bertrand.[1] William’s elder son Pons left two children, of whom William IV. succeeded his father in Toulouse, Albi, Quercy, &c; while the younger, Raymond IV. of St Gilles (c. 1066), made himself master of the vast possessions of the counts of Rouergue, married his cousin the heiress of Provence, and about 1085 began to rule the immense estates of his elder brother, who was still living.
From this time the counts of Toulouse were the greatest lords in southern France. Raymond IV., the hero of the first crusade, assumed the formal titles of marquis of Provence, duke of Narbonne and count of Toulouse. While Raymond was away in the Holy Land, Toulouse was seized by William IX., duke of Aquitaine, who claimed the city in right of his wife Philippa, the daughter of William IV., but was unable to hold it long (1008–1100). Raymond’s son and successor Bertrand followed his father’s example and set out for the Holy Land in 1109, leaving his great estates at his death to his brother Alphonse Jourdain. The rule of this prince was disturbed by the ambition of William IX. and his grand-daughter Eleanor, who urged her husband Louis VII. to support her claims to Toulouse by war. On her divorce from Louis and her marriage with Henry II., Eleanor’s claims passed on to this monarch, who at last forced Raymond V. to do him homage for Toulouse in 1173. Raymond V., the patron of the troubadours, died in 1194, and was succeeded by his son Raymond VI., under whose rule Languedoc was desolated by the crusaders of Simon de Montfort, who occupied Toulouse in 121 5, but lost his life in besieging it in 1 218. Raymond VII., the son of Raymond VI. and Princess Joan of England, succeeded his father in 1222, and died in 1249, leaving an only daughter Joan, married to Alfonso the brother of Louis IX. On the death of Alfonso and Joan in 1271 the vast inheritance of the counts of Toulouse lapsed to the Crown.[2] From the middle years of the 12th century the people of Toulouse seem to have begun to free themselves from the most oppressive feudal dues. An act of Alphonse Jourdain (1141) exempts them from the tax on salt and wine; and in 1152 we have traces of a “commune consilium Tolosae” making police ordinances in its own name " with the advice of Lord Raymond, count of Toulouse, duke of Narbonne, and marquis of Provence." This act is witnessed by six “capitularii,” four duly appointed judges (judices constituti) , and two advocates. Twenty-three years later there are twelve capitularii or consuls, six for the city and six for its suburbs, all of them elected and sworn to do justice in whatever municipal matters were brought before them. In 1222 their number was increased to twenty-four; but they were forbidden to touch the city property, which was to remain in the charge of certain " communarii " chosen by themselves. Early in the 14th century the consuls took the name of " doinini de capitulo," or, a little later, that of " capitulum nobilium." From the 13th century the consuls met in their own house, the “palatium communitatis Tolosae” or hôtel-de-ville. In the 16th century a false derivation changed the ancient consuls (domini de capitulo) into the modern “capitouls” (domini capitolii tolosani), a barbarous etymology which in its turn has, in the present century, transformed the old assembly house of Toulouse into the capitole. The parlement of Toulouse was established as a permanent court in 1443. Louis XI. transferred it to Montpellier in 1467, but restored it to Toulouse before the close of the next year. This parlement was for Languedoc and southern France what the parlement of Paris was for the north. During the religious wars of the 16th century the Protestants of the town made two unsuccessful attempts to hand it over to the prince de Conde. After St Bartholomew’s Day (1572) 300 of the party were massacred. Towards the end of the 16th century, during the wars of the League, the parlement was split up into three different sections, sitting respectively at Carcassonne or Beziers, at Castle Sarrasin, and at Toulouse. The three were reunited in 1596. Under Francis I. it began to persecute heretics, and in 1619 rendered itself notorious by burning the philosopher Vanini. In 1762 Jean Calas, an old man falsely accused of murdering his eldest son to prevent him becoming a Roman Catholic, was broken on the wheel. By the exertions of Voltaire his character was afterwards rehabilitated. The university of Toulouse owes its origin to the action of Gregory IX., who in 1229 bound Raymond VII. to maintain four masters to teach theology and eight others for canon law, grammar, and the liberal arts. Civil law and medicine were taught only a few years later. The famous “Floral Games” of Toulouse, in which the poets of Languedoc contended (May 1–3) for the prize of the golden amaranth and other gold or silver flowers, given at the expense of the city, were instituted in 1323–1324. The Académie des Jeux Floraux still awards these prizes for compositions in poetry and prose. In 1814 the duke of Wellington defeated Marshal Soult to the north-east of the town.
See L. Ariste and L. Brand, Histoire populaire de Toulouse depuis les origines jusqu’à ce jour (Toulouse, 1898). This work contains an exhaustive bibliography.
TOUNGOO, or Taung-ngu, a town and district in the Tenasserim division of Lower Burma. The town is situated on the right bank of the river Sittang, 166 m. by rail N. from Rangoon. Pop. (1901), 15,837. From the 14th to the 16th century it was the capital of an independent kingdom. After the second
Burmese War it was an important frontier station, but the
troops were withdrawn in 1893. The district of Toungoo
has an area of 6172 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 279,315, showing an
increase of 32% in the preceding decade. Three mountain
ranges traverse the district—the Pegu Yomas, the Karen,
and the Nat-taung or “Great Watershed ”—all of which have
a north and south direction, and are covered for the most
part with dense forest. The Pegu Yomas have a general
elevation of from 800 to 1200 ft., while the central range averages
from 2000 to 3000 ft. The rest of Toungoo forms the upper
portion of the valley of the Sittang, the only large river in the
district, the chief tributaries of which are the Shwa, Hkabaung,
Hpyu Thank-ye-Kat and Yank-thua-wa, all navigable for a
great portion of their course. Limestone appears in various
places, and in the north-east a light grey marble is quarried for
lime. The rivers form the chief means of communication during
the rainy season. The rainfall in 1905 was 80.30 in. There
are 14 railway stations in the district. Rice is the staple
crop; there are promising plantations of coffee and rubber.
Forests cover more than 5000 sq. m., of which 1337 sq. m. have been reserved, yielding a large revenue.
TOUP, JONATHAN [Joannes Toupius] (1713-1785), English classical scholar and critic, was born at St Ives in Cornwall, and was educated at a private school and Exeter College, Oxford. Having taken orders, he became rector of St Martin's Exeter, where he died on the 19th of January 1785. Toup established his reputation by his Emendationes in Suidam (1760-1766, followed in 1775 by a supplement) and his edition of Longinus (1778), including notes and emendations by
Ruhnken. The excellence of Toup's scholarship was "known to the learned throughout Europe " (so epitaph on the tablet in the church of East Looe set up by the delegates of the Clarendon Press), but his overbearing manner and extreme self-confidence made him many enemies.
- ↑ About 975 there was a partition of the estates which William Taillefer and his cousin Raymond II. of Auvergne held in common,—Albi, Quercy, &c., falling to William, and Gothia, &c., to Raymond.
- ↑ List of the counts of Toulouse:
Chorson 778–790 William I. 790–806 Raymond Rafinel c. 812–818 Berenger 818–835 Bernard I 835–844 Warin 844–845 William II 845–850 Fridolo 850–852 Raymond I 852–864 Bernard 864–875 Eudo 875–918 Raymond II 918–c. 924 Raymond III. 924-c. 950 William Taillefer c. 950–c. 1037 Pons 1037–1060 William IV 1060–c. 1093 Raymond IV. 1093–1096 Bertrand 1096–1109 Alphonse Jourdain 1109–1148 Raymond V. 1148–1194 Raymond VI. 1194–1222 Raymond VII. 1222–1249 Alfonso and Joan 1249–1271
