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430
TURKEY
[FINANCE


compared with 87 of 46,498 tons in 1897–1898, the number of sailing vessels in the same years being respectively 2205 of 141,055 tons and 1349 of 252,947 tons. The following tables show the total value of exports and imports arranged according to countries of origin or destination for 1905–1906 and 1908–1909; the same information for the year 1905–1906 with respect to the principal ports of the empire, and the tonnage of vessels cleared thereat during the year 1908–1909; and the value of the principal articles imported and exported for the year 1905–1906.

Value of Principal Articles Imported and Exported
for the year 1905–1906.

Nature of Goods. Imports. Exports.



  £ £
 Barley 658,462 
 Rice 944,950 
 Opium 639,630 
 Grapes  2,065,642 
 Figs 791,473 
 Cotton 449,628 
 Valonia 548,442 
 Crude Iron and Iron Bars 432,091 
 Sheepskins and Goatskins 528,282 
 Carpets, &c. 506,353  478,991 
 Flour 995,165 
 Cotton Thread 1,287,243 
 French Beans, Chick Peas and Beans  508,441 
 Cashmere Cloth 561,246 
 Coffee 830,325 
 Madapollam 916,715 
 Ores 486,037 
 Wool 439,066 
 Woollen Fabrics 785,622 
 Eggs 441,282 
 Cotton Print (Calico) 2,014,968 
 Tiftik (Silk-waste) 801,755 
 Cocoons 970,169 
 Petroleum 909,735 
 Sugar  2,263,928 

Value of Goods Imported into, and Exported from, together with Number and Tonnage of Vessels cleared at, Principal Ports of Turkish Empire.

Port. Imports.[1] Exports.[2] Number
 of Vessels [3]
Tonnage.[4]





  £ £    
 Constantinople 8,470,095  1,381,432  17,792   16,214,947 
 Dependencies of 
 Constantinople 
673,699  2,453,758 
 Smyrna 3,724,525  5,722,273  5,888  2,989,863 
 Beirut 3,568,437  1,578,691  3,076  1,740,312 
 Salonica 3,111,957  1,650,552  2,962  1,151,273 
 Prevesa 358,586  259,585 
 Yemen 603,731  259,553 
 Jidda 801,927  26,154 
 Adrianople 587,653  585,810 
 Bagdad 1,510,430  777,402 
 Alexandretta 1,669,231  887,326  685  676,137 
 Tripoli in Africa 565,331  328,164  575  376,214 
 Trebizond 1,507,771  1,083,515  1,389  776,698 
 Scutari, Albania  257,397  135,850 
 Erzerum 103,280  96,405 
 Basra
 Kavala 1,410  283,256 
 Samsun 1,064  976,803 
 Tripoli in Syria 1,306  919,222 
 Jaffa 1,241  1,210,261 
 Chios 2,732  915,880 
 Aivali 1,489  124,804 
 Dedeagatch[5] 404  50,469 
 



Total  27,514,050   17,256,470     

Value of the Goods Imported from or Exported to Principal Countries during the years 1905–1906 and, 1908–1909.

 Country of Origin 
or Destination.
Imports from Exports to


1905–1906 1908–1909 1905–1906 1908–1909




Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount %









  £   £   £   £  
 England 9,641,931  35.05  8,256,793  29.96  5,552,703  32.18  4,506,344  27.86 
 Germany 1,162,538  4.22  1,697,957  6.16  1,076,929  6.24  1,008,750  6.23 
 Austria-Hungary 5,715,914  20.77  3,574,724  12.96  1,874,827  10.87  2,173,453  13.43 
 Italy 2,145,789  7.79  2,150,064  7.79  872,641  5.06  883,358  5.46 
 Spain 118  15,588  0.06  21,827  0.13  17,332  0.10 
 Persia 643,641  2.34  485,887  1.77  57,443  0.33  82,530  0.51 
 Switzerland 63,324  0.23  105,026  0.39  640  3,056  0.02 
 United States 252,247  0.92  360,446  1.30  431,684  2.50  616,951  3.81 
 Belgium 865,040  3.15  762,543  2.76  427,998  2.48  152,517  0.94 
 Denmark 33  201 
 Russia 1,596,631  5.80  2,187,868  7.94  520,916  3.02  504,291  3.13 
 Rumania 697,631  2.54  1,107,120  4.01  350,876  2.03  336,663  2.08 
 Japan 1,821  2,374  0.01  214 
 Servia 89,329  0.33  441,050  1.60  172,220  0.99  86,602  0.53 
 Holland 524,116  1.91  555,972  2.01  509,688  2.96  220,489  1.36 
 France 2,341,086  8.51  2,956,643  10.72  4,220,006  24.46  3,187,376  19.72 
 Montenegro 2,928  0.01  6,633  0.02  24,686  0.15  20,228  0.12 
 Greece 492,037  1.79  347,287  1.26  476,829  2.76  382,484  2.37 
 Egypt 812,466  2.96  1,019,952  3.70  1,453,274  8.98 
 Bulgaria 409,727  1.49  1,188,981  4.31  663,139  3.84  498,414  3.09 
 Samos 1,210  181,965  0.66  10,319  0.08 
 Tunis 54,495  0.19  47,524  0.17  2,363  0.01 
 Other Countries     119,738  0.44  27,833  0.17 
 







   £27,514,052   100.00   £27,572,135   100.00   £17,255,467   100.00   £16,174,627   100.00 

The revenues produced by the customs duties for the five years 1905–1906 to 1909–1910 are as follows:—

Year. Export
Duties.
Import
Duties.
Total.




  £ £ £
 1905–1906   160,037   1,928,957   3,088,994 
1906–1907 151,677 2,260,382 2,412,059
1907–1908 143,210 2,704,347 2,847,557
1908–1909 143,378 3,138,534 3,281,912
1909–1910 162,252 3,533,405 3,695,657

Finance

Preliminary Sketch.—From the outset of their history the Osmanli Turks adapted to their own needs most of the political, economic and administrative institutions which existed before them. Primarily their system was based on the great principles enunciated by the immediate successors of the Prophet, especially by Omar, involving the absolute distinction between, and impartiality of treatment of, the Mussulman conquerors and the

  1. 1905–1906.
  2. 1905–1906.
  3. Steamships and Sail-Boats; 1908–1909.
  4. 1908–1909.
  5. As Dedeagatch is gaining, and will gradually gain, importance, it has been included in this table.