similar upbringing for the Nonconformist ministry, became pro- lific writers of widely read novels with a distinct religious note. Among those of Silas Hocking were Alec Green (1878); Who Shall Judge? (1910); His Own Accuser (1917) and Watchers in the Dawn (1920). Among those of Joseph Hocking were Jabez Easterbrook (1891); Zillah (1892); The Scarlet Woman (1899); Tommy and the Maid of Athens (1917) and The Pomp of Yester- day (1918).
HODGE, JOHN (1855- ), British Labour politician, was born at Muirkirk, Ayrshire, Oct. 29 1855. He was educated at the Motherwell Ironworks school, and also at the Hutchesontown grammar school, Glasgow, afterwards becoming a metal worker. He was for many years active in the local politics of Glasgow and western Scotland, and formed the British Steel Smelters' Mill, Iron, Tinplate and Kindred Trades Association for the betterment of the workers' conditions, becoming its secretary. He unsuccessfully contested Gower (1900) and Preston (1903) but in 1906 was returned as Labour member for the Gor- ton division of Lancashire. In the House he spoke frequently on industrial questions, and was an earnest advocate of the establishment of conciliation boards for the prevention of trade disputes. When Mr. Arthur Henderson entered the Coalition Government in 1915, Mr. Hodge became acting chairman of the Labour party, and in 1916 himself entered the Government as Minister for Labour. In 1917 he became Minister of Pensions, but resigned this office in 1919.
HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831-1913), British historian (see 13.557), died at Falmouth March 2 1913.
HODGSON, SHADWORTH HOLLOWAY (1832-1912), English philosopher, was born at Boston, Lines., Dec. 25 1832. Educated at Rugby and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he devoted him- self from 1858 onwards entirely to the study of philosophy. He helped to found the Aristotelian Society of London in 1880, and was its first president. His published works include Time and Space (1870); The Philosophy of Reflection (1878) and a complete exposition of his philosophy in Th Metaphysic of Experience (1898). For an account of his views, see 18.251. He died in London June 13 1912.
HOGARTH, DAVID GEORGE (1862- ), British classical archaeologist, was born at Barton-on-Humber May 23 1862. Educated at Winchester and Magdalen College, Oxford, he became first Craven travelling fellow in 1886. Together with Sir William Ramsay he made journeys of exploration in Asia Minor between 1887 and 1894. He has conducted numerous excavations, notably Paphos- (1888), Der-el-Bahari -(1894), Naukratis (1899 and 1903), Knossos (1900), Ephesus (1904-5), Assiut (1906-7) and Carchemish (1911). He was director of the British School at Athens from 1897 to 1000, and was appointed keeper of the Ashmolean museum at Oxford in 1909. He is a fellow of the British Academy and a Founder's gold medallist of the Royal Geographical Society (1917). During the World War (as Commander R.N.V.R.) he directed the Arab intelligence bureau at Cairo under the British Admiralty (1915-9), went to Arabia on a special mission in 1916, accompanied the British army to Palestine in 1918, and was British commissioner (Middle East Commission) at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Amongst his publications are Devia Cypria (1890) ; A Wandering Scholar in the Levant (1896) ; Philip and Alexander of Macedon (1897) ; The Nearer East (1902); The Penetration of Arabia (1904); Accidents of an Antiquary's Life (1910); The Balkans (1915); Hittite Seals (1920) and many archaeological reports.
HOLBROOKE, JOSEF CHARLES (1878- ), English musical composer, was born at Croydon July 5 1878, his father being an able pianist, his Scottish mother a professional singer. He spent ' his early years in travelling around the country with his father and various entertainers. But on his father obtaining an engagement as pianist at Collins's music-hall in Islington, and a little later at the Bedford music-hall, the family settled in London, where Josef became a chorister at St. Ann's, Soho; he also attended the church school. During this period he was taught both the violin and the piano, so that when, in 1893, he entered the Royal Academy of Music he was already well trained as pianist and musician with a good knowledge of the classics. Holbrooke's somewhat fitful career at the R.A.M. was ended in 1896, he having accumulated many medals and prizes and one or two scholarships. On leaving the R.A.M. he became conductor and pianist to a touring company, which was unsuccessful, and he then returned to London and took pupils. A turning point in his career came through the characteristic generosity of Sir (then Mr.) August Manns, who played Holbrooke's symphonic poem, The Raven, at a Saturday concert at the Crystal Palace on March 3 1900. From about that time compositions flowed unceasingly from his prolific pen. Queen Mab and a Byronic poem appeared in 1904 and 1906; The Bells in 1907; Homage to Poe in 1908; Apollo and the Seaman (symphonic music to Herbert Trench's poem) 1008. The opera of Children of Don was given at the London Opera House in 1911; Dylan at Drury Lane two years later; Bronwen completed, and The Wizard produced, during Holbrooke's visit to the United States at Chicago, in 1915. The opera-ballet, Tlte Enchanted Garden, dates from 1915. Besides a great mass of music for orchestra Holbrooke wrote concertos for pianoforte (" The Song of Gwyn ap Nudd ") and violin, some five quartets, a horn trio, three quintets, four sextets, and dramatic scenes for voice with orchestra. See George Lowe, Josef Holbrooke and his Work (1920).
HOLDEN, SIR EDWARD HOPKINSON, 1ST BART. (1848-1919), English banker, was born May n 1848 at Tottington, Lanes., and spent his early years at the neighbouring village of Summer- seat, where he was educated. He entered a business establish- ment at an early age, but later obtained a junior clerkship in the Manchester and County Bank at a salary of 30 a year. Here he remained for 14 years, and at the end of that time became a bank accountant as a result of answering an advertisement in the Economist. During this period he also studied law and political economy at Owens College in company with his wife. In 1881 he went to Birmingham as accountant of the Birmingham and Mid- land Bank, and here his rise was extraordinarily rapid. In a comparatively short space of time he rose to be general manager, and this led later to his occupying the double position of manag- ing director (1898) and eventually chairman (1908). He devoted himself with great energy and much success to developing the amalgamating policy of his bank, which ultimately developed into the London Joint City and Midland Bank. For the history of the amalgamations leading to that result, see BANKS AND BANKING. From about 1898 he interested himself largely in international banking, with the result that he became as great an expert on foreign exchange questions as on home finance. He was the first of the larger London joint-stock bankers to open a foreign exchange department. In 1906 he was elected Liberal member for the Hey wood division of Lanes., and in 1909 a baronetcy was conferred upon him. In 1915 he went with Lord Reading to the United States on behalf of the Government and arranged there the Anglo-French loan. He died July 23 1919.
Holden was in many ways a typical "Lancashire lad"; he was always a shrewd business man, with a pugnacious disposition, a firm friend to his friends, a hot fighter against opponents, but with unusual vision and with a remarkable flair for banking operations. As chairman of the London City and Midland Bank, which, under him and through his exertions, became the greatest of the English joint-stock institutions, he was for many years the most powerful figure among the clearing bankers, and his interests were bound up with the progressive success of the bank with which he was identified. He was a man of great activity of mind, keen to spot the opportunities and tendencies in contemporary finance, and assiduous in mastering its problems. During the World War he did valuable work in this respect, the extent of which cannot well be over emphasized. His annual addresses to the shareholders of his bank were a succession of educational manifestoes, packed with information and instruction. Before the war he had taken the lead in advocating a larger gold reserve, and himself started the accumulation of a larger independent gold-holding by his bank. In this and various other ways he was a pioneer in a number of improvements in British banking during his time, and his death deprived the City of London of one of its most vigorous characters. (H. CH.)
