strong personality, he was not easy to work with, and difficulties with Sir Robert Borden led to his sudden resignation of office in Nov. 1916. His health subsequently failed. In July 1921 he announced his intention of retiring from Parliament, and he died Aug. 24 1921.
HUGHES, SPENCER LEIGH (1858-1920), British journalist, was born at Trowbridge April 21 1858 and educated at Wood- house Grove school near Leeds. For ten years he worked with an engineering firm near Ipswich, but joined the staff of the Morn- ing Leader at its beginning, and for many years contributed the " Sub Rosa " column, which consisted of short witty paragraphs on current topics written from a Liberal standpoint. He was also connected from 1891 onwards with The Star. He was one of the cleverest after-dinner speakers of his time, and published a book on The Art of Public Speaking (1913), as well as The English Character (1912); Things that Don't Count (1916); Press, Plat- form and Parliament (1918), to a great extent autobiographical, and other essays, tales and sketches. After failures at Jarrow in 1907 and Bermondsey in 1910, he was elected to Parliament as a Liberal for Stockport (1910). He died after a long period of ill- health in London Feb. 22 1920.
HUGHES, WILLIAM MORRIS (1864- ), Australian states- man, was born in Wales Sept. 25 1864. He was educated at Llandudno grammar school and St. Stephen's Church of England school, Westminster, where he was trained as an elementary schoolmaster; but at the age of 20 he preferred to emigrate to Australia and to make his living as he could until he succeeded in entering political life as a member of the Labour party. This he achieved ten years later, being elected to the N.S.W. Legis- lature for one of the divisions of Sydney in 1894. He was also admitted to the N.S.W. bar. Though delicate in health and in later life handicapped by deafness, he showed from the first marked ability and fighting force. He organized the Maritime unions, became general secretary of the Wharf Labourers' Union and of the Waterside Workers' Federation, and president of the Carters' Union, and was reelected to the Legislature at each successive election until he resigned upon his election for W. Syd- ney to the first Federal Parliament (1901). He first took office in 1904 as Minister for External Affairs. In 1907 he was a dele- gate to the Imperial Navigation Conference. The following year he was Attorney-General in Mr. Deakin's administration (1908-9) and held the same office under Mr. Fisher (1910-3), and again in his first War Cabinet (1914-6). On Mr. Fisher's resignation of the premiership in 1915 Mr. Hughes succeeded him and continued to hold office up to 1921.
He met, however, with considerable opposition, especially from the Labour party, who resented his advocacy of conscrip- tion (twice rejected on a referendum) and in 1917 refused to re- elect him as their leader. His own attitude towards the World War was vigorous and patriotic. He made a recruiting tour in 1915 through Great Britain, where he won a popularity perhaps greater than he enjoyed at home, and pledged himself to intro- duce conscription in Australia, though he failed to carry it. On his return to Australia in 1916 he was obliged to reconstruct his Cabinet and to effect a coalition with Mr. Cook, leaving out most of his previous colleagues of the Labour party. In Jan. 1918 he again formed a new Cabinet. As a member of the Im- perial War Cabinet he was often in Europe. On his journey to Great Britain he made a speech in New York, May 31 1918, advocating the application of the Monroe doctrine to the South Pacific islands in the interests of Australia, and at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, where he was the Australian representative, he objected to any authority over ex-German territory in these islands being granted to the League of Nations. In 1915 he was sworn of the Privy Council and in 1919 he became K.C. He published The Case for Labour and other pamphlets, and a collection of his speeches in Great Britain appeared in 1918. (See further AUSTRALIA.)
See Douglas Sladen, From Boundary Rider to Prime Minister (1916).
HULL, England (see 13.870). Pop. (1911) 277,991, showing an increase during the decade of 37,732. The King George Dock situated E. of Alexandra Dock, with 53 ac. of water-space, is the largest on the N.E. coast and was opened in 1914. Both docks provide accommodation for the largest class of vessels and are equipped with graving docks, coal appliances, grain silos and warehouses, wool and transport sheds and the most modern appliances for general overseas trade; and they are directly served by railway at Alexandra Dock Station. An important addition to the facilities for the coal export trade was made in 1910 by the installation of coaling beds at the Victoria Dock; this method of shipping coal (the appliance for which has a capacity of 600 tons per hr.) had not previously been employed in England. Eastward of King George Dock is the Salt End deep-water jetty equipment for dealing with a large and grow- ing oil import trade. The total water-area of Hull docks had reached 240 ac. in 1921, with a quayage of 13 miles.
During the World War there was a very large development of the seed-crushing industry at Hull for oils of various kinds including that of the soya bean; very extensive mills were established by the British Oil and Cake Mills, Ltd., with a view to the development of the food supply and to taking advantage of the seed-oil trade diverted from certain continental countries. Castor oil, in particular, and lubricating oils for the use of Allied aircraft, were largely produced.
An art gallery was opened in 1910 by Mr. T. R. Ferens, M.P., who largely contributed to its erection and upkeep, and also presented 12 almshouses to the town in 1911 as a memorial to King Edward VII., and a playing field near the East Park. A new Guildhall has been built and a new museum designed to illustrate the shipping and fishing industries. A Municipal Training College for teachers, providing accommodation for 153 resident students, built at a total cost of 51,972, was opened in Sept. 1913 and the Newland high school for girls, with accommodation for 500 day scholars, was opened on May 20 1920; both buildings are erected on part of a site of 50 ac. N.W. of the town, purchased by the city council for 9,090 in 1908. In 1921 steps were being taken to transform the restored Old Grammar school, a fine example of 16th-century architecture, into a Museum and War Memorial so as to ensure its preservation; and the restoration of Holy Trinity church was completed. Among street improvements, the prolongation of Spring Bank west for a distance of J m. in the direction of Willerby was the most important.
Hull suffered severely from Zeppelin raids. In that of June 6 1915, much damage was caused to commercial buildings and, on March 6 1916, in a raid by two Zeppelins, widespread havoc was done to house property and shops. Before a third raid in Aug. 1916, anti-aircraft defence had been organized and, though there were various subsequent attacks, they were mostly of the " tip-and-run " character and much less damage was done.
HUMBERT, GEORGES LOUIS (1862- ), French general, was born at Gazeran (Seine et Oise) on April 8 1862. He joined the ranks of the 2oth regiment of Chasseurs in April 1880, and did not enter the military academy of St. Cyr until Oct. 1881. He was first commissioned (in Oct. 1883) in the io2nd infantry regiment. Two years later he was promoted lieutenant and was transferred to a native (Tonkin) unit, with which he first saw active service. He became a captain in June 1889, and shortly afterwards was again on active service in Madagascar. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in Dec. 1902 and colonel (of the 96th infantry regiment) in June 1907. Five years later (March 1912) he was made a general of brigade, and in 1913 was sent to Morocco. On the outbreak of the World War he was given com- mand of the ist Moroccan division, which he held during the battle of the Marne. In Sept. 1914 he was made a temporary general of division. On Oct. 27 following he was confirmed in his rank and given command of the XXXII. Army Corps. On July 22 1915 he took over the III. Army a command which he held continuously for four years, except for a small break Oct. 15 1918 to Oct. 23 1918 when he commanded the VII. Army. In Oct. 1919 he was appointed governor of Strass- burg and commandant of the Alsace territory, and in the Jan. following was made a member of the Superior War Council. He was appointed a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour on July 10 1918.
HUME, ALLAN OCTAVIAN (1829-1912), English ornithologist and Indian administrator, son of Joseph Hume (see 13.884), was born June 6 1829 and educated at Haileybury and London University. Entering the Indian civil service in 1849, he became collector of Etwah, and rendered distinguished service during the Mutiny and later against Firoz Shah. Between 1867 and 1871 he carried out the negotiations with the Rajput chiefs for
