opening road and railway communications through the great belt of mountain and jungle which formerly cut India in two. He was made secretary to the Indian Government in the Home Department and afterwards in the Revenue and Agricultural departments, but returned to the North-West Provinces as member of the Revenue Board in 1879. In 1882 he retired from the service, and devoted himself to furthering the aspirations of native Indians. The Indian National Congress (see 14.417), which held its first session at Bombay in 1885, owes its existence to his exertions. He was the author of several works on ornith- ology, and presented his collections of bird skins and eggs to the British Museum. He died at Norwood July 31 1912.
See Sir W. Wedderburn, Bart., Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress (1913) ; and Allan O. Hume: a Sketch of his Life and Services to India (1912).
HUMPERDINCK, ENGELBERT (1854–1921), German musical composer (see 13.891), produced in 1897 the opera Konigskinder, which, with some later additions, became very popular. Another opera, Die Heirat wider Willen, appeared at Berlin in 1905, and in 1912 Humperdinck produced the incidental music for the English production of The Miracle, himself coming to England to superintend the rehearsals. His last opera, Die Marketendcrin, was played at Cologne in 1914. He died at Neu Strelitz Sept. 27 1921.
HUNGARY (see 13.894). In consequence of the World War, Hungary was in 1921 only a remnant of what had been a thousand-year-old realm, large tracts of pre-war Hungary having been allotted on June 4 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles (Trianon) to its neighbours, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Yugoslavia and Austria. The area of the old Hungarian state was 109,216 sq. m., of which only 35,184 sq. m. now remained to it. In the late summer of 1921 the boundaries of the State had not been definitely settled. The districts assigned by the Peace Treaty to Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia had already passed into their possession, and the county (comitatus) of Baranya, with the town of Pecs, which had been left to Hungary, had with the exception of a few villages been evacuated by the Yugoslavs, but the Burgenland (German Western Hungary), which had been assigned to Austria, was only in course of being handed over, a break-down in the arrangements occurring in August and September. The new boundaries are: on the N the Danube E. of Pozsony (Pressburg), then the Ipoly (Eipel), whence it runs, regardless of natural features, partly between hills and mountains and partly across the Alfold (the central Hungarian plain) ; on the E. and S. along the Alfold the only part of the old southern frontier surviving being at its western end along the course of the Drava. The western frontier was shifted fur- ther E. at Hungary's expense.
Population. Hungary had in 1910 a pop. of 20,886,487 of whom 9,945,000 were Hungarian and the remainder Rumanian, German, Serbian, Slovakian, Ruthenian, and Croatian; in 1920 the pop. was 7,481,951 of whom 6,612,000 were Hungarians, the remaining Hungarians having come under the rule of neighbouring States- Czechoslovakia with 1,084,000 Hungarian inhabitants, Rumania with 1,705,000, Yugoslavia with 458,000, and Austria with 80,000. In 1921 the pop. in Hungary was 88-4% Hungarian; 7% (521,344) German; 2-2% (165,886) Slovakian; it included also 41,000 Croa- tians, 48,000 Rumanians, and 22,000 Serbians. According to religion 4,700,000 (63%) were Roman Catholic, 1,597,000 (21-3%) Calvinis- tic, 463,000 (6-2 %) Lutheran, 466,000 (6-2 %) Jewish. Approxi- mately 29'8 % of the pop. dwelt in towns of over 10,000 inhabitants, while 70-2 % dwelt in villages. The proportion of men to women was as 1,000 to 1,015. The birth-rate was high, but so also was the death-rate, which in 1910 was 23-6 per thousand. In 1919, out of 410,000, 63,000 died of tuberculosis, which is especially prevalent in the Alfold. During the World War Hungary lost over 600,000 men in the field; moreover from April 1915 to 1918 the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. In 1919 births exceeded deaths by 15,350. Emigration, the result partly of the exhaustion of the mines and the decline in handicrafts, due to the growth of industry in Austria, and partly of the rise in food prices, caused a serious drain on the population. That it was not due to persecution alone is shown by the fact that out of 790,068 emigrants in 1905-13, 577,001 belonged to the territory which Hungary lost by the Peace Treaty; thus the number of emigrants was considerable even in those parts of pre-war Hungary where there could be no question of Nationalist oppression. The main stream of emigrants was to the United States, and a certain proportion of these returned, the number between 1905 and 1913 being 213,542. After the conclusion of the war the emigrants rendered great services by sending over food and money.
HUNGARY
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Scale I : 3,000,000 English Miles
10 20 30 40 50 60
Kilometres
20 *0 60 80
frontiers not requiring delimitation Frontiers to be delimitated
Old frontier b*t#ctn Austria. & Hungary
31
19 Lonj*. E. of Greenwich 20
