Bloch, issued by the German I.E.S. (1921) ; Elementary Principles of Illumination and Artificial Lighting, by A. Blok (1914); Factory Limiting, by C. E. Clewell (1913); Practical Illumination, by J. Eck (1914); Modern Illuminants and Illuminating Engineering, by L. Gastcr and J. S. Dow (1920) ; Praktische Photometrie, by E. Liebenthal (1907) ; Colour and its Applications, by M. Luckiesh (1915) ; Light and Shade and their Applications, by M. Luckiesh (1916); Artificial Light: its Influence upon Civilization, by M. Luckiesh (1921); Illumination: its Distribution and Measurement, by A. P. Trotter (1911); Elements of Illuminating Engineering, by A. P. Trotter (1921); Illuminating Engineering Practice, a series of lectures delivered at the university of Pennsylvania, reprinted in 1916.
Also The Illuminating Engineer, the official organ of the Illu- minating Engineering Society in London, and the Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, U.S.A. (New York).
(See also LIGHTING, ELECTRIC.) (J. S. D.)
IMMINGHAM, a capacious deep-water dock situated on the Lincolnshire shore of the Humber estuary, 9 m. S.S.E. of Hull and 5 m. N.N.W. of Grimsby, England. Constructed by the Great Central Railway Co., the dock in 1921 comprised a square basin and two long arms (including a graving dock) running parallel to each other on the western side, of a total area of 45 ac., with 5,400 ft. of quayage; the depth, ranging from 30-35 ft., is sufficient for practically any vessel afloat. The dock is specially designed and equipped for dealing with the coal, timber, grain and wool trades. Construction was begun in 1906 and the official opening by the King took place on July 22 1912.
The area of the dock property, 2\ m. in length and I m. in great- est depth, is just over 1,000 ac. with a river frontage of 1} miles. Railway sidings extend to 172 m. and have a capacity for 16,850 waggons carrying upwards of 174,000 tons of coal. The particular site of Immingham was chosen because the deep-water channel of the Humber, which lower down runs midway between the shores, here makes an inward sweep and leads right to the dock gates, thus obviating much initial dredging, providing ingress and egress at any state of the tide, and rendering the towage of the vessels unnecessary.
The entrance lock, 840 ft. in length and 90 ft. broad, has a depth ranging from 47 ft. at high water to 27 ft. 6 in. at low water of spring tides, and is furnished with three sets of gates. Long jetties spring put on either side of the entrance, curving round about midway in order to run parallel to the river, thus forming a huge funnel- shaped entrance ; the eastern jetty forms a landing-stage for passen- ger traffic and the western is designed for the shipment of bunker and cargo coal. Eight hydraulic hoists, of the most up-to-date pattern, are capable of shipping 5,600 tons of coal per hour.
There is an immense granary and a wool warehouse with capacity for 40,000 bales. A new town is springing up near-by the original village of Immingham lies a little inland. The Grimsby electric tramways have been extended to Immingham and, in addition, a light railway runs between the two places.
IMMUNITY, in pathology (see 3.175). During the year 1920 a very interesting contribution to the study of immunity was published by Dr. Besredka of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. The importance of this contribution lay in the fact that a cellular basis as opposed to a blood basis for immunity was suggested. Besredka in the course of experiments with dysentery bacilli found that the bacilli, whether injected into a vein or under the skin or given by the mouth, always made their way to those areas of the alimentary canal in which dysentery lesions are commonly found. Moreover, damage was confined to these regions.
One of the claims advanced for artificial immunization, e.g. by vaccines, is that by raising the resistance of the system to a particular microorganism any attempt by that microorganism to invade the body will be localized. In the Paris experiments, however, localization took place of itself. Thus it would seem that the dysentery organism was able to exercise its malign influence only when in contact with a highly specialized form or type of tissue. No matter where the bacilli entered the system the result was the same. There was no effect, or but little effect, until the tissues of the bowel were reached. The effect was then the one usually associated with an attack of dysentery.
This series of experiments suggested what may be called a tissue affinity for particular microorganisms. Thus, a bacillus x being postulated, it would be possible to describe any particular tissue as ^-sensitive or x-resistant. This idea naturally led to the formulation of another question. If reaction is located in special tissues, is im- munity also located in these tissues? In order to answer it Besredka gave injections of killed dysentery bacilli (Saiga's) to a number of rabbits. In those rabbits which had a single ingestion of dead bacilli the agglutinin, after 18 days, reached a maximum of 1-200, and after a month it fell to the normal 1-50. A second ingestion was followed by no further effect. The blood showed no trace of agglutinins.
The specific agglutinin formed in the blood in response to an infective agent is of the character of an antidote, using that word in its widest sense. Thus it appeared that the " protection " afforded by ingestion of dysentery bacilli by rabbits was of a very short- lived character, and further that the renewal of the ingestion, so far from increasing the small quantity of agglutinins, was followed a month afterwards by their complete disappearance. Nor did the serum of these rabbits contain any preventive anti-body, for when injected into mice which were afterwards inoculated peritoneally with fatal doses of dysentery bacilli it had no more preventive power than normal serum.
Thus it appeared that after one ingestion of these organisms the intestines of the animal refused to absorb any further quantity. This in a measure pointed to the development of a localized power of resistance. It was resolved to test the matter further by seeing how these rabbits, which carried in their blood neither agglutinin, pre- ventive anti-body nor apparently any other anti-body, behaved when a fatal dose of dysenteric virus was injected into their veins.
The resulting experiments showed that both the rabbits which had had a single injection of killed bacilli (and had a small amount of anti-body in their blood) and those which had had two ingestions (and had no anti-bodies in their blood) behaved in the same way oh receiving the intravenous injections of living bacilli. They were solidly protected and showed no ill effects, while, on the contrary, control animals all died within 24 hours.
This seemed to increase the evidence in favour of a localization not only of sensibility but also of resistance or of reaction. Indeed,, the possibility presented itself of a double protection that of the blood and that of the tissues. Besredka believes that the tissue immunity is established in the intestine at the site of the lesions- following the first ingestion. The first ingestion does not meet with, the localized resistance which it serves to establish and so a part of the antigen reaches the blood and there gives rise to anti-bodies the agglutinins. When, however, this break in the wall is closed up, a solid immunity is established and the " intestinal barrier " becomes unbreakable. If the ingestion is repeated no more antigen can gain access to the circulating blood and so no further formation of anti- body takes place.
Besredka thus believes that, so far at any rate as dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid are concerned, animals have only a single means of acquiring active immunity, and no matter which mode of vaccination is adopted <>ral, subcutaneous or intravenous the resulting active immunity is invariably local, that is to say, intestinal. Vaccination is thus only efficacious when the vaccine reaches the intestinal tract, whether it comes by a vein, through the skin or through the mouth. Nor is any object served by producing general reactions and blood resistances. Indeed the method to be preferred is that of oral administration, for it reaches the required positions with minimum loss of time and with maximum security.
In another series of experiments this investigator found that the natural immunity of rabbits to Paratyphoid B. infection could be broken down if a preliminary course of ox-bile had been administered to the animals. The suggestion was that the ox-bile served to break down the localized tissue resistance, for if the bacilli (Paratyphosus B.) were injected intravenously a fatal result also followed. In this case the bacilli were found not in the blood but in the bowel wall, where they would normally have been localized. Thus there are ways (bile) of breaking down a natural localized immunity.
These researches appear to be of a revolutionary character. It is as yet too early to express final opinions on them, but they open up a wide vista of possibilities which will be explored by many workers in this field of medicine.
See " Immunity to the Enteric Fevers," Aug. 28 1920, British Medical Journal. (R. M. Wl.)
INCHCAPE, JAMES LYLE MACKAY, 1st BARON (1852- ), British shipowner and banker, w&s born at Arbroath, Forfarshire, Sept. n 1852, and educated there and at Elgin. In 1874. he was sent to India in connexion with his father's merchant business, which had branches in Bombay, Calcutta and Karachi. In India he had a distinguished career, being member of the Legislative Council of the viceroy from 1891 to 1893 and member of the Council of India from 1897 to 1911. He was created K.C.I.E. in 1894. In 1902 Sir James Mackay negotiated a commercial treaty with China which was signed at Shanghai Sept. 5 (see 6.207); he was then created G.C.M.G. He served on most of the Government commissions of inquiry into Indian administration, besides that appointed to investigate the question of the gold standard of Mexico, and in England he sat on the committee of inquiry into the Board of Trade and Local Government administration 1903-4, and Government workshops 1905-7. In 1911 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Inchcape, of Strathnaver. In 1912 he was appointed chairman of a royal
