New York, published in 1919 by the Bureau of Women in Industry of the N. Y. State Industrial Commission, N. Y. City ; (3) the pub- lications of several manufacturers' organizations, such as the National Industrial .Conference Board, N.Y. City, and the chambers of commerce of various cities. (I. O. A.)
WOMEN'S WAR-WORK. It would be impossible here to attempt to describe the special war- work done by women of all the
belligerent countries in 1914-8; and this article is confined
to an outline of women's war-work as organized in the United
Kingdom and the United States, beginning with the former.
UNITED KINGDOM
The general dislocation which ensued in industry threw num- bers of women workers in the United Kingdom out of employ- ment. At the same time women of independent means, moved by patriotism, came forward in large numbers with offers of volun- tary service. It soon became apparent, that the well-meant ac- tion of the non-professional women was likely to press heavily on the position of the unemployed wage-earners; and accordingly on Aug. 20 Queen Mary inaugurated the " Queen's Work for Wo- men Fund," technically a branch of the National Relief Fund, to provide employment for as many as possible of the women thrown out of work by the war. The Queen's collecting com- mittee, with Lady Roxburgh as hon. sec., raised the money, but the administration of the fund was in the hands of the Central Committee on Women's Employment, a Government Committee under the chairmanship of the Marchioness of Crewe, with Mary Macarthur (d. 1921) as hon. secretary. The problem of the Com- mittee was to help to adjust the dislocation of industry, so that unemployed firms and workers in a slack trade might ease the overpressure in other trades. Firms unused to Government work were assisted to undertake War Office contracts, and orders were placed with small establishments employing women, who would otherwise have had to relinquish their businesses. Over 70 special relief workrooms, through which about 9,000 women passed before Feb. 1915, were managed by women's employment sub-committees of the local representative committees set up by the Government Committee on the Prevention and Relief of Distress. Articles made in them were not offered for sale, and were supposed to be educative to the worker. New branches of the toy-making industry, in which there was a possibility of cap- turing German trade, were started in various private relief work- rooms, and became paying business concerns.
The distress among the professional classes caused by the dis- location of work was very great, and the Professional Classes War Relief Council, consisting of representatives from the chief professional institutions and the principal societies organizing relief work, was formed to cope with the trouble in Oct. 1914. The Council dealt chiefly with education, maternity assistance, training, and the organization of concerts for the employment of musicians, who, as a class, were particularly hard hit. The So- ciety for Promoting the Employment of Women opened an edu- cated women's war emergency training fund for a year, which trained out-of-work governesses and journalists to take posts in banks; and hostels were opened by various private committees for ladies in distress owing to the war.
On Aug. 3, before the official declaration of war, the executive committee of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies under its president, Mrs. Fawcett, decided to suspend political action (see WOMAN SUFFRAGE) and devote the organizing capacity of the Union to meet the changed conditions. Within a week the London branch, with Miss Philippa Strachey as. secretary, had started a free bureau under the name of " Women's Service " to direct the efforts of the thousands of non-professional women eagerly desirous of finding useful work. Over 1,300 volunteers were placed before the end of 1914. Many young women began at once to prepare themselves for nursing, joined Voluntary Aid Detachments, and worked in auxiliary hospitals. The raising of funds and making of comforts for the units of the original Expedi- tionary Force absorbed others, and the arrival of the Belgian refugees in England before the end of Aug. caused the formation of 2,500 local Belgian relief committees, of whom the members were mostly women. Clubs 'to help the wives of soldiers and
sailors were started by the Tipperary League under Mrs. Juson Kerr, the British Women's Patriotic League, and others. The Women's United Services League under Lady French and Lady Jellicoe coordinated and registered the work done by war clubs throughout the kingdom. A large number of women devoted themselves at once to the work of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Associations, and to the work of the Officers' Families Fund founded by the Marchioness of Lansdowne in 1914.
Already in the early months of the war it became evident that the abnormal conditions arising from the quartering of large num- bers of soldiers in barracks and camps, and of convalescents in hospitals, would give rise to social dangers, and that steps should be taken to deal with the situation. A militant suffrage society, the Women's Freedom League, formed the Women's Police Volunteers, under Miss Nina Boyle, in Sept. 1914. This Corps was reorganized shortly after as the Women Police Service under Miss Damer Dawson (d. 1920), and Miss Allen. To cope with the same evil the National Union of Women Workers called an emergency meeting of their rescue and preventive sub- committee in Sept. 1914. As a result a corps of " Women Patrols" was formed to work under the official sanction of the Commis- sioner of Police in the metropolitan district, and of the Chief Constables in the provinces (see WOMEN POLICE).
I. Voluntary Organizations and Corps. The first of the new corps of women called into existence to meet war conditions was the Women's Emergency Corps, originated by Miss Decima Moore, and launched Aug. 6 1914 in cooperation with Miss Lena Ashwell, the Hon. Evelina Haverficld, Miss Eva Moore and Mrs. Kingsley Tarpey. In addition to relief workrooms, and the regis- tration of the innumerable voluntary offers of service character- istic of the first months of the war, schemes were started under its auspices which developed independently, after the parent corps had met the " emergency " conditions of dislocation of la- bour and refugee reUef . The collection of surplus food from the I London markets for the unemployed and for Belgian refugees de- 1 veloped into the National Food Fund, which raised 163,615 in gifts of food and money before the end of the war. The Women's Volunteer Reserve, founded in 1914 as a branch of the Women's! Emergency Corps by the Hon. Evelina Haverfield, with the; Marchioness of Londonderry as hon. colonel-in-chief, " to pro-! vide a trained and disciplined body of women ready to assist the State in any capacity," did military drill, wore khaki uniform and, saluted their officers. The founders' idea that, as signalers, des-i patch riders, telegraphists and motorists, they might set men free for the firing line, was premature in 1914, but anticipated the need! actually met later by the women of the Army Service Corps and Q.M.A.A.C. In practice the Reserve consisted of working girls who gave their leisure time to organized voluntary work in can- teens, hospitals, workrooms and clubs. After Mrs. Haverfield had left the W.V.R. to work in Serbia with the Scottish Women's, Hospitals, Mrs. Beatty and Mrs. Kilroy Kenyon formed the: Women's Reserve Ambulance (Green Cross Corps) in June 1015, a fresh organization on somewhat similar lines to the W.V.R., but confining its activities mainly to London, whereas the most successful branches of the W.V.R. worked in the provinces till the end of the war. Other somewhat similar corps for the organi- zation of part-time workers were the Women's Auxiliary Force,|j founded in 1915 by Miss Walthall and Miss Sparshatt, and the Liverpool Home Service Corps. The latter was started in May 1915 by Miss Phyllis Lovell and had branches throughout Lancashire. In Aug. 1915 it formed a Police Aid Detachment which worked in conjunction with the Lancashire police.
Public opinion with regard to the " khaki " women was reflected in a " Punch " cartoon for Dec. 15 1915, showing a gallant Highlander curtseying to take a lady officer's salute. They outlived this ridicule, and in 1918 the salute was officially adopted by the women of the Auxiliary Army Services. Nevertheless by the sprint; of 1915, when the country began to feel the drain of its man-power, the Marchionegs of Londonderry realized that a less military corps of women would attract many of those anxious to come forward to carry on the work of the country. In July she founded the Women's Legion, which from the first was intended to be a corps of paid women replacing paid men. A khaki uniform was worn and the women were subject to regulations and discipline. Ultimately over 40,000 were
