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commander and in 1913 he was appointed to command the troops of the Vilna Military District. At the beginning of military operations in Aug. 1914 he commanded the I. Army which invaded Eastern Prussia. His inaction during the battle of Tannenberg, where the neighbouring army of Samsonov was destroyed Aug. 26-29, was a bitter disappointment, and, by the masses of the people, he was even accused of treachery. Personally brave, daring in small actions, Rennenkampf, as an army commander, showed himself in the strategic sphere alter- nately rash and timid, owing to his inability to grasp the situa- tion as a whole. At the beginning of 1915 he was recalled from his duties of army commander, and later, under the pressure of public indignation, he was dismissed from the service. In 1918 he was killed by the Bolsheviks.

RENNER, KARL (1870- ), Austrian politician, was born on Dec. 14 1870, the son of a peasant, at Unter-Tannowitz, Moravia. He studied law at the university of Vienna, occupying himself especially with questions tof administration, and early attached himself to the Social Democratic party. He became an official in the library of the Rcichsrat, and under the pseudonyms of " Synopticus " and " Rudolf Springer " showed a fertile literary activity, especially in connexion with the problems of the Austrian State, whose existence he justified on geographical, economic and political grounds. On the nationality question he upheld the so-called "personal autonomy," on the basis of which the super-national state should develop, and thereby influenced the programme and tactics of the Social Democratic party in dealing with it. As a theorist he was reckoned as one of the leaders of Neo-Marxism. He had been a deputy since 1907 and after the revolution of Oct. 1918 he became state chancellor of the republic of Austria, headed the Austrian peace delegation at St. Germain, and took over, after Otto Bauer's retirement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which he conducted from the time of the retirement of the Coalition Cabinet in the summer of 1920 until the new elections in Oct. 1920. His princi- pal works are: Grundlagen und Entwicklungsziele der oeslcrrcich- ischen-ungarischen Monarchic (1906); Der Kampf dcr oester- reichischen Nalionen um den Staat; Marxismus, Krieg und Internationale.

RENOIR, AUGUSTE (1841-1919), French painter (see 23.101), died on the Riviera Dec. 3 1919.

REPARATION COMMISSION: see PEACE CONFERENCE; also 31.123 and 246.

REPIN, ILJA JEFIMOVICH (1844-1918), Russian painter (see 23.105), died at Knokkala, on the Finnish frontier, July 17 1918.

REPPLIER, AGNES (1858- ), American writer, was born in Philadelphia April 1 1858. She was of French extraction and was educated at the Sacred Heart Convent at Torresdale, near Philadelphia. She was one of America's chief representatives of the discursive essay, displaying wide reading and apt quotation. Her writings contain much sound literary criticism as well as caustic comments on contemporary life. These characteristics were already apparent in the first essay which she contributed to the Atlantic Monthly (April 1886), entitled "Children, Past and Present." In 1902 the university of Pennsylvania conferred upon her the degree of Litt.D. She was the author of Books and Men (1888); Essays in Miniature (1892); Essays in Idleness (1893); Philadelphia the Place and the People (1898); Compromises (1904); In our Convent Days (1905); Americans and Others (1912); Counter-Currents (1915).

RESZKE, EDOUARD DE (1855-1917), operatic singer (see 23.201), died at Garnek, Poland, May 29 1917.

REVILLE, ALBERT (1826-1906), French Protestant theologian (see 23.224), died in Paris Oct. 25 1906. His son, JEAN REVILLE (b. 1854), died in 1908.

REYER, ERNEST (1823-1909), French musical composer (see 23.225), died at Lavandou-sur-Huyeres Jan. 15 1909.

REYNOLDS, OSBORNE (1842-1912), British engineer, was born at Belfast in 1842. He was educated at Dedham grammar school and at Cambridge, and in 1868 became professor of engineering at Owens College, Manchester, holding that post for nearly 40 years. He was elected F.R.S. in 1877. He was the author of over 70 papers on mechanics and physics published in the transactions of learned societies, notably Sub-Mechanics of the Universe, issued by the Royal Society, whose gold medal hewonini888. (For his work .see 3. 581; 5.6458.783; 14.61; 22.806; 25.444; 28.428.) He died at Watchet, Som., Feb. 21 1912.

REYNOLDS, STEPHEN (1881-1919), English author, was born at Devizes May 16 1881. Educated at Manchester University and the Ecole des Mines at Paris, he became sub-editor of an Anglo-French review in 1902 and the following year began an' association with the Woolley brothers, fishermen of Sidmouth, which lasted for some years. He thus familiarized himself with fishing and the fisherman's point of view so far as to become a recognised authority on the subject and a medium of communica- tion between fishermen and the Government. He was a member of the committee of inquiry into Devon and Cornwall Fisheries (1912), and of the departmental committee on Inshore Fisheries (1913), and in that year he was appointed adviser on Inshore Fisheries to the Development Commission. In 1914 he became also resident inspector of fisheries for the S.W. area. His publications included A Poor Man's House (1908); Alongshore (1910); The Lower Deck, the Navy and the Nation (1912); as well as a novel, The Holy Mountain, (1909) and a volume of talcs. He died at Sidmouth Feb. 14 1919.

RHODE ISLAND (see 23.248). The pop. of the state in 1920 was 604,397; in 1910, 542,610; an increase for the decade of 61,787, or 11-4 per cent. Rhode Island was still in 1920 the most densely populated state, having 566-4 inhabitants to the sq. m. (1910, 508-5)^ Every Federal census since 1790 has shown an increase in density, and at a rate faster than that of the United States as a whole.

The percentages of urban and rural pop. were in 1920: urban, 97'5%; rural, 2-5%; in 1910: urban, 96-7%; rural, 3-3%. The fol- lowing are the cities of Rhode Island having a pop. of over 20,000 in 1920 and their percentage of increase in the decade 1910-20:

Providence . Pawtucket . Woonsocket Newport Cranston Central Falls East Providence

1920

1910

Increase per cent

237.595 64,248 43.496 30.255 29,407 24,174 21.793

224,326 51,622 38,125 27.149 21,107

22,754 15,808

5-9 24-5 14-1 n-4 39-3

6-2

37-9

The proportion of native-born in 1915 (state enumeration) was 68-8%; of foreign-born, 31-2%. The foreign-born whites numbered in 1920, 173,366, a decrease of 2-6% from 178,025 in 1910. During the 10 years there has been a steady change in the proportions of the various foreign elements in the population. Up to 1910 the largest foreign-born element was Irish. In 1920 the Irish were numerically inferior to the British and English-Canadian, the Italian, and the French-Canadian. There has been a remarkable increase in the number of Italian, Portuguese and Polish immigrants, and a noticeable influx of Armenians and Syrians. " Foreign stock," i.e. foreign-born and native-born of foreign parents, constituted, in 1915, 63-3% of the whole population.

Agriculture. There has been a decline in farm acreage of 29-3% in 30 years to 331, 600 ac. in 1920, and an even greater decline, Si' 2 %> in improved acreage to 132,855 ac. in 1920. The number of farms has fallen from 5,292 in 1910 to 4,083 in 1920. On the other hand there has been a rise in both the aggregate and the average value of farms, and in the value of crops (value of land and improvements, 1900, $26,989,189; 1920, $33,636,766; value of crops, 1909, $2,986,816; 1919, $5,340,378).

Fisheries. Fishing has, on the whole, declined in relative importance. The shell-fish industry suffered severe loss, owing to the pollution of the Providence river and the upper waters of Narragansett Bay. From 1907 to 1920 the leased oyster grounds declined from 21,000 to 7,000 ac. ; the state rentals, from $136,000 to $40,000; and the output during the oyster season from 10,000 gal. daily to 2,000 gallons. In 1920 the Commissioners of Shell Fisheries reported: "The Providence river has been practically destroyed as a suitable place for the production or growth of shell-fish as food," the result of contamination.

Manufactures. Rhode Island is preeminently a manufacturing state. In 1914 it ranked igth among the states in the value of its manufactures. The number of persons engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits nearly doubled in 20 years (1900, 101,162; 1910, 156,898; 1920, 196,205). The number of factories increased from 1,678 in 1900 to 2,829 in 1919; the capital invested in manu-